Jack Downing retired from the CIA in 1996 but was called back to serve as DDO from 1997 to 1999 to try to restore flagging morale in the clandestine services. He has since done work for both Congress and the Pentagon.
Ted Price succeeded Tom Twetten as DDO and retired in 1996. He has since served at the executive level at several corporations involved in international security and risk assessment.
After spending much of his career on the front lines of the Cold War battling the KGB, Burton Gerber retired from the CIA in 1995, four years after the collapse of the Soviet Union. He now does volunteer work in the Washington area and speaks publicly on the ethics of espionage.
During a liaison visit between the CIA and Russian intelligence in Moscow after the collapse of the Soviet Union, David Rolph mischievously locked his new boss, John MacGaffin, out of a sauna at a KGB dacha, after MacGaffin had gone outside to experience the bracing effects of the Russian winter and snow. After Rolph finally let him back in, an unamused MacGaffin told Rolph, “You’re going to Botswana.” Rolph left Moscow in 1993 and returned to CIA headquarters for an assignment in the DO’s Africa Division. Rolph later served in Turkey and Bosnia and held other posts before retiring in 2000. For a time he worked with former KGB officer and defector Viktor Sheymov in a computer security venture; he now works with a Washington-area high-tech company.
Paul Redmond retired from the CIA in 1999, but was called back in 2001 to assess the damage to national security from the Hanssen case.
Jack Platt retired with predictable flair on “International Workers Day”—May 1—in 1987. He is a partner in an international security company and works closely with his old adversaries assisting American businesses in Moscow.
Paul Stombaugh left the CIA in the mid-1990s to take over as CEO of York Barbell, an international sports equipment enterprise, and a Pennsylvania investment group, Susquehanna Investment.
Steve Weber died of a heart attack while visiting his native Budapest in 1994.
Edward Lee Howard, according to Russian police authorities, died in Moscow on July 12, 2002, as a result of an accidental fall in his residence. His body was cremated privately at the instructions of his next of kin.
Aldrich Ames and Robert Hanssen are in federal prison and will remain there for the rest of their lives.
ENDNOTES
*“Dogs, do you want to live forever?”
A NOTE ON SOURCES
The Main Enemy is an oral history based on hundreds of interviews with dozens of intelligence officers who played critical, hands-on roles on both sides of the Cold War competition between the CIA and KGB. In many cases, our sources asked that they not be identified. In the cases of the KGB sources, the coauthors used both the interview method and written responses to specific questions or written materials provided by the former KGB officers themselves.
The written answers to questions posed to General Leonid Shebarshin, as well as excerpts from his memoirs published in Russian that he graciously provided, added critical texture to the characterization of the Soviet side of the Afghan period as well as the tumultuous days of August 1991 at Lubyanka and Yasenevo. We are greatly appreciative of his assistance. Similarly, Rem Krassilnikov’s patient cooperation and his writings, particularly his account of CIA operations and activities in Moscow cited in the bibliography, provided unique insight into the workings of the KGB’s Second Chief Directorate as it tracked its main adversary. We are deeply in Krassilnikov’s debt for his help.
The minutes of Politburo meetings and records of conversations between Soviet Politburo members made available by the Gorbachev Foundation and Anatoly Chernyaev and the Woodrow Wilson Cold War International History Project provided valuable insight into Soviet thinking not only about the decision-making process of intervening in Afghanistan, but about the debate on how to withdraw from the war. Chernyaev’s presentations and participation in the discussions during the April 2002 conference “Toward an International History of the War in Afghanistan, 1979–1989,” hosted by the Cold War International History Project at the Woodrow Wilson Center, in cooperation with the Asia Program and the Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies at the Woodrow Wilson Center, the George Washington Cold War Group at the George Washington University, and the National Security Archive, provided rich insight into the thinking in the Kremlin as Gorbachev brought the Politburo around to the decision to withdraw from Afghanistan.
Finally, of all the books used as references, David Wise’s work on the Edward Lee Howard story is the definitive account of that strange twist of the Cold War. It proved immensely valuable in constructing a timeline for merging the various elements and other firsthand accounts of Howard’s defection.
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
DOCUMENTS
CIA’s Analysis of the Soviet Union 1947–1991. Editors Gerald K. Haines and Robert E. Leggett, Center for the Study of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency, 2001.
The Cold War International History Project Working Paper Series. Cold War International History Project, the Woodrow Wilson Center, senior editor Christian F. Ostermann, Washington, D.C., 2002.
Lundberg, Kirsten. Politics of a Covert Action: The U.S., the Mujahideen, and the Stinger Missile. Kennedy School of Government Case Study. Cambridge, Mass., 1999.
Minutes of Politburo Meetings and Records of Conversations between Soviet Politburo Members. Courtesy of the Gorbachev Foundation and Anatoly Chernyaev and the Woodrow Wilson Cold War International History Project, Washington, D.C., April 2002.
On the Front Lines of the Cold War. Documents on the intelligence war in Berlin, 1946–1961, editor Donald P. Steury, CIA History Staff. Center for the Study of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency, 1999.
BOOKS
Adams, James. Sellout. New York, 1995.
Andrew, Christopher, and Oleg Gordievsky. Instructions from Center. London, 1991.
———. KGB: The Inside Story. London, 1990.
Andrew, Christopher, and Valili Mitrokhin. The Sword and the Shield. New York, 1999.
Ash, Timothy Garton. The Magic Lantern. New York, 1990.
Bamford, James. Body of Secrets. New York, 2001.
———. The Puzzle Palace. New York, 1983.
Barker, Rodney. Dancing with the
