Zurbrigg, S. (1994). ‘Re-thinking the “human factor” in malaria mortality: the case of Punjab, 1868–1940’, Parassitologia, 36: 121–35.
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G L O S S A R Y
erythrocyte
Human red blood cell.
gametocyte
Male and female sexual cells of malaria parasites,
formed by some merozoites inside erythrocytes, generally after several cycles of merozoite multiplication in the case of P. falciparum.
hypnozoite
A stage of the parasite’s life cycle formed from some
sporozoites inside the human liver. Hypnozoites remain dormant for a predetermined period of time after which they give rise to relapses.
Only found in P. vivax, not in P. falciparum or P. malariae.
merozoite
Asexual stage of malaria parasite which invades erythrocytes.
polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
An enzymatic method for
amplifying very small quantities of DNA.
recrudescence
An exacerbation of low-level erythrocytic infections
of P. falciparum or P. malariae.
relapse
Production of clinical symptoms of P. vivax malaria by the activation of dormant hypnozoites in the liver.
schizogonic periodicity
The species-specific length of the erythrocytic cycle (multiplication of merozoites).
schizogony
The asexual phase of multiplication of malaria parasites in the human (or other vertebrate) host.
sporogony
The sexual phase of malaria reproduction in the mosquito.
sporozoite
A parasite stage which migrates from the stomach to the salivary glands of the mosquito, from where it can infect a person bitten by the mosquito. Once inside the human blood stream, sporozoites enter liver cells, where they either differentiate into pre-erythrocytic schizonts and then into merozoites ready to invade erythrocytes (always in P. malariae and P. falciparum), or sometimes into hypnozoites (in P. vivax).
zygote
The product of fusion of male and female gametocytes. It gives rise to oökinetes, oocysts, and then to sporozoites. All this occurs inside the stomach of the mosquito.
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I N D E X
abracadabra 54
Anopheles messeae 44, 85, 174, 239
Abruzzo 255
Anopheles pharoensis 30, 44
Achilles 21
Anopheles plumbeus 44, 153
Acquarossa 150
Anopheles sacharovi 28, 35, 43–4, 74, 84,
Aedes aegypti 10, 44
89, 96, 98, 108, 174
Aedes albopictus 44, 89
Anopheles subalpinus 44, 90
Aetios of Amida 221
Anopheles superpictus 44, 90
Africa 2, 25, 27–31, 35–6, 39, 44, 83,
Anopheles typicus 239
86, 108, 117–18, 125, 130, 139, 144,
anophelism without malaria 43, 72,
156, 162, 164, 200, 202, 252, 283
98, 100, 251, 260–1
Akragas (Agrigento) 38, 73
Antyllus 57, 61
Alaric 225, 276
Anxur (Terracina) 183
Alban Hills 78, 189, 243–4, 259
Anzio (Antium) 178, 188, 235
Albano, Lago di 77
Appia, Via 173, 181–2, 187–8, 190–1
Alcuin 130, 149, 157, 224, 262
Appian 188, 196, 241
Aldhelm, St. 232
Appius Claudius Caecus, censor 181
Alexander VI, pope 122
Apulia 105, 115, 214, 262–8
Alexander the Great 11
aqueducts 205
Alexander Jannaeus 133
Aquileia 79, 278
Alexander of Tralles 130
Arabia 29
alluviation 81, 85, 105–7, 111, 264
Archigenes 221
Altinum 79
Ardea 188, 236, 239, 249
altitude 57, 60, 72, 101, 107, 161, 189,
Argolid 32
244, 246, 248, 280
Argyrippa 265
Altopáscio 260
Aristotle 200
Amazena, river 182
Arpi 264
Amerindians 34, 252
Artemisia species 48
anaemia 15, 31, 126, 129, 141
Asclepiades of Bithynia 14, 117, 137,
ancient DNA 31–3, 68, 145, 232
140, 189–90, 209, 219–20, 222
Andersen, Hans Christian 174–6
Astura 257
Anguillara family 234
Atabulus, wind, 74
Anopheles atroparvus 33, 44, 68, 79, 84,
Athenaios 61, 282
89–90, 96, 153
Athens 167, 252
Anopheles claviger 43–4, 90
Atina 177
Anopheles elutus (= sacharovi) 28
Atria 85
Anopheles gambiae 29–30, 44, 126
Atticus, T. Pomponius 131–2, 135, 267
Anopheles labranchiae 28, 33, 35–6, 44,
Attila 225
63, 68, 74, 84, 89–90, 95–6, 98,
Atto 231
174, 193, 200, 239, 270
Augustine, St. 52, 86, 224
Anopheles maculipennis 43–4, 84, 89–90,
Augustus, emperor 79, 110, 185, 188,
96
196, 247, 249, 256
332
Index
Aventine, hill 209
Campus Martius 209, 215
canals 69, 74–5, 174
Baccelli, Guido 9, 74, 128, 139, 206,
cancer 150
214, 220
Canusium 265
Baccano 246
Capua 181, 250
Barbatus, St. 262
Caracalla, emperor 52
barley 150, 255
Caracupa (Valvisciolo) 107
Bassano, Lago di 172
Carthage 39, 90, 178, 197, 200, 253
bedbugs 134
Casalguidi 60
Bede 158
Cascina 136
beech tree 106, 176
Casentino 162
Bekaa Valley 32
Cassino, Monte 112
Belisarius 86, 182
Cassiodorus, M. Aurelius 190
Beneventum 262–3
Cassius Dio 109–10, 156
Benivieni, Antonio 12
Castel Fusano 197, 269–70
Berti, Tito 169–70
catalepsy 220
Bibbona 73, 255
Cato the Elder 15, 17, 55, 192, 219,
Bignami, Amico 21, 130, 139, 220
244–5
Biondi, Ernesto 234
Celli, Angelo 3–4, 14, 19, 48–9, 55, 57,
birds 7, 24, 29, 50
64, 72, 78, 87–8, 147, 198, 208,
birthweight, low 126
213, 226, 229, 240–1, 248,
blackwater fever 18
256–60
blood 7, 11–12, 15–16, 25, 28–9, 36–7,
Celsus, A. Cornelius 12, 14–20, 121,
98, 125, 127–30, 141–3, 147, 154–5,
124, 132, 228, 276
169, 218–19, 276
Celsus, Iuventius 79
Bolsena, Lago di 69
Cethegus, M. Cornelius 75, 185–7
bonifications 75, 81, 88, 112, 168, 200,
Ceylon 121
234, 280
childhood 36, 82–3, 98, 124, 126, 129,
Bracciano, Lago di 69, 246
166, 199, 223–4
Britain 101, 151, 156–7, 160
China 29, 48–9, 55
bronchitis 136
Chiusi 69, 100
breastfeeding 124
chloroquine 200
brucellosis 10
cholera 128
Brundisium (Brindisi) 182, 266–7
Chrysippus 245
Bruttium 109
Cicero, M. Tullius 50, 53, 55, 76, 131,
Burundi 118
189, 201, 214, 219, 236, 245, 257,
266–7
Caelian, hill 206
Ciminian Forest 104–5
Caere 200
cinchona 48, 153, 202, 220
Caesar, Julius 4, 71, 188, 226, 266
Ciociaria 60
Calabria 74, 116, 161
Circeii 69–70, 106–8, 177–8, 189, 249,
Caligula, emperor 113
253
Calore, river 262
Circeo, Monte 106–7, 169, 171, 184–5
Cambridgeshire 176
circumsporozoite protein 25
Camarina 38
Circus Maximus 281
Camillus, M. Furius 201
Cisterna 69, 177, 234
Campania 44, 69, 85, 181, 250, 264,
Città di Castello 197
278
Claudius, emperor 71–2
Index
333
climate 19, 28–9, 33, 36, 72, 101–3,
Dionysius of Halicarnassus 40, 109,
106, 132, 138, 146, 151, 165, 192,
250
195, 237, 249, 270
diseases, see individual entries
Colin, Léon, 209, 212–13
Domitian, emperor 171, 257
Collesalvetti 43
Domitius Apollinaris 197
Collevecchio 119–20
domuscultae 260
Collodi, Perinto 73
Donatus, Alexander 209, 226, 259
colmatage 183
Doni, Giovanni, 64, 75, 81, 83, 96, 107,
Colosseum 213
156, 174, 177, 191–2, 204, 208–9,
Columella, L. I. Moderatus 61, 245
212, 262, 278
Coluzzi, Mario 30, 49, 68, 88, 94, 200
dragonfly 69
Constantine, emperor 231
dragons 231–4
contagion 49–50, 152–3, 245
drainage 70–7, 94, 100, 109, 112–13,
Corciano 261
181, 185–8, 206, 208, 261
Corcyra (Corfu) 97–8
dropsy 135–7, 258
Cori 186
Dryopithecus apes 27
Corioli 180
Duffy locus 25, 28
Cornaro, Marco 7
dysentery 71, 121, 124, 127–8
Corneto (Tarquinia) 63
Corsica 44, 106
Corbellini, Gilberto 7, 84
Eboli 242
Cosa (Ansedonia) 69, 198, 250–1
economy 61, 179, 181, 238, 244–6,
Croton 155, 161
251–3
Crotonese 64, 161
eggs:
Culex mosquitoes 29, 68–9, 81, 235
chicken 134, 142
Culex (poem) 238
locust 183
Cumae 85
mosquito 43, 87
cuniculi 76–8, 179, 181, 214
Egypt 30–4, 53, 85, 91–2, 282
einkorn ( Triticum monococcum) 150
Dante Alighieri 100, 133, 198
elephants 236
DDT 47, 94, 96, 112
embankments 94–5
Dead Sea 32
emmer ( Triticum
