Endnotes
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Chief among these were Fourier and Saint-Simon, who constructed somewhat fantastic Socialistic ideal commonwealths. Proudhon, with whom Marx had some not wholly friendly relations, is to be regarded as a forerunner of the Anarchists rather than of orthodox Socialism. ↩
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Marx mentions the English Socialists with praise in The Poverty of Philosophy (1847). They, like him, tend to base their arguments upon a Ricardian theory of value, but they have not his scope or erudition or scientific breadth. Among them may be mentioned Thomas Hodgskin (1787–1869), originally an officer in the Navy, but dismissed for a pamphlet critical of the methods of naval discipline, author of Labour Defended Against the Claims of Capital (1825) and other works; William Thompson (1785–1833), author of Inquiry Into the Principles of Distribution of Wealth Most Conducive to Human Happiness (1824), and Labour Rewarded (1825); and Piercy Ravenstone, from whom Hodgskin’s ideas are largely derived. Perhaps more important than any of these was Robert Owen. ↩
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The first and most important volume appeared in 1867; the other two volumes were published posthumously (1885 and 1894). ↩
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Vol. i, p. 227. ↩
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Vol. i, pp. 237, 238. ↩
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Vol. i, pp. 239, 240. ↩
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Vol. i, pp. 758, 759. ↩
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Vol. i, pp. 788, 789. ↩
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Die Voraussetzungen des Sozialismus und die Aufgaben der Sozial-Demokratie.
In March, 1914, Bernstein delivered a lecture in Budapest, in which he withdrew from several of the positions he had taken up (vide Budapest Volkstimme, March 19, 1914). ↩
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La Décomposition du Marxisme, p. 53. ↩
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Musings of a Chinese Mystic. Selections from the Philosophy of Chuang Tzu. With an Introduction by Lionel Giles, M.A. (Oxon.). Wisdom of the East Series, John Murray, 1911. Pages 66–68. ↩
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An account of the life of Bakunin from the Anarchist standpoint will be found in vol. ii of the complete edition of his works: Michel Bakounine, Œuvres, Tome II. Avec une notice biographique, des avant-propos et des notes, par James Guillaume. Paris, P.-V. Stock, Éditeur, pp. v-lxiii. ↩
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Criticism of these theories will be reserved for Part II. ↩
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Œuvres, vol. ii, p. xxvi. ↩
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“Marx, as a thinker, is on the right road. He has established as a principle that all the evolutions, political, religious, and juridical, in history are, not the causes, but the effects of economic evolutions. This is a great and fruitful thought, which he has not absolutely invented; it has been glimpsed, expressed in part, by many others besides him; but in any case to him belongs the honor of having solidly established it and of having enunciated it as the basis of his whole economic system.” (1870; Œuvres, vol. ii, p. xiii.) ↩
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This title is not Bakunin’s, but was invented by Cafiero and Elisée Reclus, who edited it, not knowing that it was a fragment of what was intended to he the second version of L’Empire Knouto-Germanique (see Œuvres, vol. ii, p. 283). ↩
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Paris, 1894. ↩
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The attitude of all the better Anarchists is that expressed by L. S. Bevington in the words: “Of course we know that among those who call themselves Anarchists there are a minority of unbalanced enthusiasts who look upon every illegal and sensational act of violence as a matter for hysterical jubilation. Very useful to the police and the press, unsteady in intellect and of weak moral principle, they have repeatedly shown themselves accessible to venal considerations. They, and their violence, and their professed Anarchism are purchasable, and in the last resort they are welcome and efficient partisans of the bourgeoisie in its remorseless war against the deliverers of the people.” His conclusion is a very wise one: “Let us leave indiscriminate killing and injuring to the Government—to its Statesmen, its Stockbrokers, its Officers, and its Law.” (Anarchism and Violence, pp. 9–10. Liberty Press, Chiswick, 1896.) ↩
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See next Chapter. ↩
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Of which the Independent Labor Party is only a section. ↩
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And also in Italy. A good, short account of the Italian movement is given by A. Lanzillo, Le Mouvement Ouvrier en Italie, Bibliothèque du Mouvement Prolétarien. See also Paul Louis, Le Syndicalisme Européen, chap. vi. On the other hand Cole (World of Labour, chap. vi) considers the strength of genuine Syndicalism in Italy to be small. ↩
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This is often recognized by Syndicalists themselves. See, e.g., an article on “The Old International” in the Syndicalist of February, 1913, which, after giving an account of the struggle between Marx and Bakunin from the standpoint of a sympathizer with the latter, says: “Bakunin’s ideas are now more alive than ever.” ↩
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See pp. 42–43, and 160 of Syndicalism in France, Louis Levine, Ph. D. (Columbia University Studies in Political Science, vol. xlvi, No. 3.) This is a very objective and reliable account of the origin and progress of French Syndicalism. An admirable short discussion of its ideas and its present position will be found in Cole’s World of Labour (G. Bell & Sons), especially chapters iii, iv, and xi. ↩
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See Levine, Syndicalism in France, chap.
