Religion and the Rise of Capitalism

epub:type="z3998:roman">VI, 1829, pp. 351⁠–⁠2. ↩

R. Torrens, An Essay on the Production of Wealth, 1821, Preface, p. xiii. ↩

Lloyd George at Portmadoc (Times, June 16, 1921). ↩

J. A. Froude, “Revival of Romanism,” in Short Studies on Great Subjects, 3rd ser., 1877, p. 108. ↩

J. N. Figgis, From Gerson to Grotius, 1916, pp. 21 seqq. ↩

Locke, Two Treatises of Government, bk. II, chap. IX, § 124. ↩

Nicholas Oresme, c. 1320⁠–⁠82, Bishop of Lisieux from 1377. His Tractatus de origine, natura, jure et mutationibus monetarum was probably written about 1360. The Latin and French texts have been edited by Wolowski (Paris, 1864), and extracts are translated by A. E. Monroe, Early Economic Thought, 1924, pp. 81⁠–⁠102. Its significance is discussed shortly by Cunningham, Growth of English Industry and Commerce, Early and Middle Ages (4th ed., 1905, pp. 354⁠–⁠9), and by Wolowski in his introduction. The date of the De Usuris of Laurentius de Rodolfis was 1403; a short account of his theories as to the exchanges will be found in E. Schreiber, Die volkswirthschaftlichen Anschauungen der Scholastik seit Thomas v. Aquin, 1913, pp. 211⁠–⁠17. The most important works of St. Antonino (1389⁠–⁠1459, Archbishop of Florence, 1446) are the Summa Theologica, Summa Confessionalis, and De Usuris. Some account of his teaching is given by Carl Ilgner, Die volkswirthschaftlichen Anschauungen Antonins von Florenz, 1904; Schreiber, op. cit., pp. 217⁠–⁠23; and Bede Jarrett, St. Antonino and Mediæval Economics, 1914. The full title of Baxter’s work is A Christian Directory: A Summ of Practical Theologie and Cases of Conscience. ↩

See here. ↩

Benvenuto da Imola, Comentum super Dantis Comœdiam (ed. Lacaita), vol. I, p. 579: “Qui facit usuram vadit ad infernum; qui non facit vadit ad inopiam” (quoted by G. G. Coulton, Social Life in Britain from the Conquest to the Reformation, 1919, p. 342). ↩

Lanfranc, Elucidarium, lib. II, p. 18 (in Opera, ed. J. A. Giles). See also “Vita Sancti Guidonis” (Bollandists’ Acta Sanctorum, September, vol. IV, p. 43): “Mercatura raro aut nunquam ab aliquo diu sine crimine exerceri potuit.” ↩

B. L. Manning, The People’s Faith in the Time of Wyclif, 1919, p. 186. ↩

Aquinas, Summa Theologica, 2^a 2^æ, div. 1, Q. III, art. VIII. ↩

Aquinas, Summa Theologica, 1^a 2^æ, div. I, Q. XCIV, art. II. ↩

The Bull Unam Sanctam of Boniface VIII. ↩

John of Salisbury, Polycraticus (ed. C. C. I. Webb), lib. V, cap. II (“Est autem res publica, sicut Plutarco placet, corpus quoddam quod divini muneris beneficio animatur”), and lib. VI, cap. X, where the analogy is worked out in detail. For Henry VIII’s chaplain see Starkey, A Dialogue Between Cardinal Pole and Thomas Lupset (Early English Text Society, Extra Ser., no. XXXII, 1878). ↩

Chaucer, The Persone’s Tale, § 66. ↩

On the Seven Deadly Sins, chap. XIX (Select English Works of John Wyclif, ed. T. Arnold, vol. III, 1871, p. 145). ↩

John of Salisbury, Polycraticus (ed. C. C. I. Webb), lib. VI, cap. X: “Tunc autem totius rei publicæ salus incolumis præclaraque erit, si superiora membra se impendant inferioribus et inferiora superioribus pari jure respondeant, ut singula sint quasi aliorum ad invicem membra.” ↩

Select English Works of John Wyclif, ed. T. Arnold, vol. III, 1871, chaps. IX, X, XI, XVII, passim (Works of Wyclif, ed. T. Arnold, vol. III, pp. 130, 131, 132, 134, 143). ↩

See, e.g., A. Doren, Studien aus der Florentiner Wirthschaftsgeschichte, 1901, vol. I, chaps. V, VII. His final verdict (p. 458) is: “Man kann es getrost aussprechen: es gibt wohl keine Periode in der Weltgeschichte, in der die natürliche Uebermacht des Kapitals über die besitz- und kapitallose Handarbeit rücksichtsloser, freier von sittlichen und rechtlichen Bedenken, naiver in ihrer selbstverständlichen Konsequenz gewaltet hätte, und bis in die entferntesten Folgen zur Geltung gebracht worden wäre, als in der Blütezeit der Florentiner Tuchindustrie.” The picture drawn by Pirenne of the textile industry in Flanders (Belgian Democracy: Its Early History, trans. by J. V. Saunders, 1915, pp. 128⁠–⁠34) is somewhat similar. ↩

In Jan. 1298/9 there was held a “parliament of carpenters at Milehende, where they bound themselves by a corporal oath not to observe a certain ordinance or provision made by the Mayor and Aldermen touching their craft,” and in the following March a “parliament of smiths” was formed, with a common chest (Calendar of Early Mayor’s Court Rolls of the City of London, 1298⁠–⁠1307, ed. A. H. Thomas, 1924, pp. 25, 33⁠–⁠4). ↩

The figures for Paris are the estimate of Martin Saint-Léon (Histoire des Corporations de Métiers, 3rd ed., 1922, pp. 219⁠–⁠20, 224, 226); those for Frankfurt are given by Bücher (Die Bevölkerung von Frankfurt am Main im XIV und XV Jahrhundert, 1886, pp. 103, 146, 605). They do not include apprentices, and must not be pressed too far. The conclusion of Martin Saint-Léon is: