trained by me, to be employed full- time. That includes me providing horse, armour and weapons, food and accommodation and half a shilling a week. I also require twenty archers, who will spend an initial short period of training and then train for half a day twice a week and be available to my call- otherwise they’ll be free to pursue their normal occupation. If any men feels a call to do something other than walk behind a plough, see Kendrick. We’ll also arrange regular training for the fyrd members on Sundays. Now I’ll leave you to Tolland and the elders to discuss together the issues I’ve raised.” Alan raised a hand in farewell, stepped off the boxes and with a nod to Tolland he and the other Normans walked off to the manor house.
Back at Thorrington Hall, just before dark at a little after four in the afternoon, Kendrick advised Alan that Tolland would like to meet with him and would arrive shortly. In the interim Hugh had a word with Alan. “Kendrick tells me that we have ten potential volunteers as bowmen and four men who wanted to train full-time as cavalry, all of whom can already ride. Do you want to interview them, or should I?” asked Hugh. “Right, I’ll do it in the morning. Lack of suitable horses for further volunteers is going to be a problem shortly as there were only five horses in the stables until we arrived with our five beasts.”
When Tolland arrived he was glad of the offer of a cup of hot mulled wine and passed on the information of the outcome of the folkmoot. “The geburs recognise that we’ll all have to work a bit harder to pay our taxes. Your suggestion about the extra saltpans was accepted well. They’ll need some labour to set up, but that shouldn’t be too hard to do on the flat low-lying land next to the current pans. Once that’s done the salt harvest in early autumn is easy. Planting peas, beans and alfalfa in the fallow fields also makes sense to us, both to improve the soil and provide either crops or better grazing for the animals. But, while we can see the theoretical benefits of a change to the three-field system of agriculture, we are traditional and know what works. Most think why should we change something that works? We’ll provide some extra ‘boon days’ of labour, free of charge, to help you implement your plans on the demesne land if needed and wait and see what is the outcome of your experiment.”
“That’s good news,” said Alan. “I appreciate the offer of labour and of course I’ll supply the usual food and drink on any labour days. I also appreciate it’s difficult for men to change their habits and embrace new practices until they are proven to be of value. I’m also prepared to make an offer and will waive my usual rights as landowner regarding minor game. Village men will be permitted to freely take hares, squirrels, fox and pigeons, and what fish they can take from the shore of the estuary or the banks of the creeks by use of hook and line. This excludes the larger wild game and game birds, of course, and is to be only for the use of the family of the villager who does the hunting- no barter or sale, except of skins. That should put meat into nearly every pot in the village at least several times a week.”
Tolland, taken somewhat by surprise by the generous offer, expressed his gratitude. By law, both Anglo- Saxon and Norman, all game whether great or small was reserved to the lord of the manor. Many of the villagers engaged in the occasional minor poaching, but the right to freely take the smaller wildlife would significantly increase the amount of meat available to the villagers and provide a more varied and healthier diet.
All in all the discussion had given something for everybody and Alan expected much goodwill to flow from the waiving of rights on minor game. Everybody likes something for nothing and in the context of the village food supply this was a significant concession by him as lord. From a personal perspective Alan saw it as costing him nothing as there were ample fish in the river and sea and he was not interested in eating hares and squirrels. He also intended to plant most of his own fallow land with beans and allow the villagers to harvest them before the beasts were allowed to graze. The legumes would improve the soil, and the improved diet of the villagers would increase the amount of work each man and woman could perform. ‘Everybody a winner,’ mused Alan.
Next day Alan, Baldwin and Warren rode out to Great Bentley and Tendring, meeting with Swein, who held Great Bentley on laen from Alan, and a courtesy call on the thegns of Tendring. These were Frewin, who held just half a hide of land, some 60 acres, and also Alfward. Ednoth, the other major landholder, lived on his larger estate at Little Oakley. Swein appeared not to be disconcerted to have a Norman as his new lord, although unsurprisingly was disgruntled about the geld tax that would cost him?6 a year. Alan made a number of suggestions about increasing the manor income to help cover the impost, but Swein appeared to be a man who did not understand the land or its management and commented only that he would think about increasing the number of saltpans as Alan suggested.
Two days later Alan rode through the village of Tendring to his manor at Beaumont three miles beyond, a distance of ten miles which took about an hour with the horses at a quick walk. He was accompanied by four of the now eight new recruits for his cavalry unit, Ainulf, Edric, Alfward and Ledmer. They looked resplendent in their mail hauberks (repaired ex-Hastings purchases), helmets, green-painted kite shaped-shields and green cloaks tied closely about them against the light snow that was falling. The fact that each hardly knew which end of a sword to hold didn’t affect their impressiveness or their feeling of smug self-satisfaction.
Beaumont was a small manor of only two hides, some 240 acres, but with rich soil. It had seven ploughs and oxen teams, two salt houses, six taxed beehives (and many more untaxed ones relocated whenever the tax assessors called) and most importantly a mill. This was one of the properties formerly owned by Wulfwin and the steward was a relatively young and apparently capable man called Siric. It formed part of the parish that included the villages of Moze, Birch Hall and Tendring, the priest’s benefice being in the gift of Leofson of Moze. The priest, by name Edwin, was at his home at Birch Hall. According to Siric the priest was quite elderly but conscientious in the performance of his duties. The head-cheorl was Alstan. Although with only half the cultivated land of Thorrington, Beaumont was sufficiently wealthy that it had twice the amount of assessed annual geld.
This was a small but rich manor that Alan was determined would be administered properly. The procedure followed by Alan was virtually identical to that when he took possession of Thorrington, although the strong-box was reasonably full of silver pennies, about?2 worth. The outcome of the folkmoot was similar to that at Thorrington and Alan gave similar instructions to Siric about the use of the demesne land and building more saltpans. Alan also gave the same spiel about wanting more mounted men-at-arms, this time the message being reinforced by the immaculate and impressive presence at his back of the four horsemen who had already commenced training.
Alan by-passed Great Oakley, a manor he had ‘inherited’ from Aelfric Kemp. Wulfwin had lived in Lexden Hundred near Colchester and Estan had died without issue. Kemp had died leaving family, two brothers, and Alan intended to deal with them last. Instead, he called at Little Oakley as a courtesy to see thegn Ednoth, who also held land at Tendring and who Alan had not seen on his visit to that village, before proceeding in the afternoon to another of Wulfric’s former properties at Dovercourt, eight miles from Beaumont.
Dovercourt was in laen to the thegn Toli and Alan spent a convivial evening with the thegn, his steward Haldane and head-cheorl Ordmer and the guests invited by Toli. The village was quite wealthy with six hides of land, nine ploughs (three belonging to the lord) and with a large flock of sheep and herd of cattle. Toli had taken the opportunity to invite Brictmer of Great Bromley, Ednoth from Little Oakley, Adamnan the steward to Queen Edith’s lands at Wix, Werian the steward of Alan’s own land at Bradfield and also Courtney, Alan’s steward from Great Oakley, and Alwin from Little Bromley.
Alan gave the same talk about succession and taxes as he had at Thorrington. The financial implications were of obvious concern to the English and they chatted amongst themselves after Alan had finished his speech.
After a while Toli urged, “Tell us about the great battle. None of us were there, and those who went to the battle did not return. The earl made his call and those with standing forces departed and did not return. These included Wulfwin, from his lands further west, Alfred Kemp and Estan. Those of us who needed to call in our men had just about reached London when word of the outcome of the battle reached us.”
Alan felt warmed by the invitation and the implicit acceptance given by the request. He also appreciated that the semi-illiterate loved a good story. “Well, as you would expect, we Normans marched from Hastings at dawn. It was difficult country and we were marching along what was little more than a track. We came across the English line about an hour before Terce. They were in a superb defensive position on a steep hill with streams and marshy ground to their front, followed by a ploughed field. Each flank was protected by steep terrain and the trees of the Andreswald.
“The armies were nearly equal in numbers. Probably the English had 1,000 or maybe 2,000 more men, but many were fyrdmen. A third of the Norman forces were heavy cavalry.” Alan described the battlefield and gave a detailed description of the battle to the point that he had departed, the thegns and their men nodding their understanding as he proceeded.
