“As to Harold’s need for money last year when he became king, I had a discussion with King Edward’s former steward, Eadnoth. The king’s income without the geld was about?5,000. Harold’s personal income as earl was? 4,400. The House of Godwin’s income, excluding Harold’s as king and earl, was?4,700. The one family held nearly all the earldoms. That gave Harold an annual income of over?14,000. How much money do you need for a small fleet and 1,000 or so huscarles? ”
“Since the coronation there has been widespread replacement of English lords with those from Normandy,” interjected Garrett.
Alan pursed his lips in thought and replied, “That’s true. Harold and his brothers Leofwine and Gyrth were killed at Hastings, along with thousands of thegns and huscarles. Probably another 1,000 thegns died at Fulford and Stamford Bridge. In all, probably 200 King’s Thegns and 2,000 ordinary thegns died. Probably also 2,500 cheorls who held their own land and several bishops and abbots- which I find interesting as had I thought only the Norman clergy were martially militant!
“In the south, and here in the east, men now hold their land from Norman lords who have been appointed as tenants-in-chief, or a few from the king himself. There have been hundreds, perhaps over 1,000, Norman knights and men-at-arms appointed to vacant manors formerly held by Englishmen. But relatively few, I won’t say none, Englishmen have so far been unlawfully deprived of their land if they are still alive.
“The land of those who died has been declared forfeit and is being seized and redistributed. The English nobles who I mentioned before and many, many others still hold their lands. It looks like a massive change, but that is only because of the massive holdings of the House of Godwin have been confiscated and reallocated. The changes have nearly all been south of here- but since Essex, Suffolk and Norfolk were held by Gyrth there have been, and will be, many changes in land ownership. But those are mainly at the top rather than the middle and bottom of the landholding chain. I know that it looks different to me as a Norman than it does to you as Englishmen, but just think about how much land was in the hands of Harold, Leofwine and Gyrth and how many thegns died in such a short period.”
“You mentioned the propensity of the Vikings to fight when they become bored,” commented Orvin. “I understand that fairly early in his reign as duke, William had to introduce ‘The Truce of God’ so that the Norman villeins could at least work their fields two days a week!”
“He formalized it,” replied Alan. “The ‘Truce’ did exist before then. Normandy was a much more dangerous place before William and his barons got the lesser men fully under control. Families and nobles were always fighting amongst each other, and even now still retain the right to conduct private wars. It’s not as if armed parties of knights are roaming the land looking for somebody to kill.”
“To return to the main topic at hand, in the current absence of the king many petty nobles are abusing their position, even in Essex and Suffolk,” continued Garrett.
“Absolutely! I agree that here in East Anglia that the way that the behaviour of Earl Ralph the Staller, William the Bishop of London and Engelric the former Royal Priest, all of whom are supposed to be overseeing the process of land redemption payments, is an absolute outrage. That is something I’ll report to the king when he returns from Normandy. There is clear extortion and abuse of the system taking place which the king’s regents fitzOsbern and Odo should be stamping out. That won’t be happening just here, but everywhere, and must be stopped. Odo himself has seized Langton in Lancashire from Ramsey Abbey. Widows are being forced to marry against their will. Many English noble women are taking refuge in nunneries, not because of religious fervour but because of fear of the Normans. The same thing happened in Cnut’s day when hundreds of widows were forced to marry those Danes favoured by the king. And not every Norman or Frenchman is satisfied. Eustace of Boulogne quarrelled with William and returned to Boulogne when he was refused the position of castellan of Dover.”
“And the men of the north will be hard to convince to accept rule from the South, as they always have- even when that rule was English,” warned Orvin. “You know that Copsi was appointed earl of Northumbria north of the Tyne, a Yorkshireman instead of a member of the House of Bamburgh- who have ruled that land for centuries. Copsi even followed Tostig into exile and they say that he fought at Stamford Bridge- with the Norwegians. The Northerners would not accept rule by a man from York. Oswulf, of the House of Bamburgh, had Copsi murdered just a few weeks ago at Newburn by attacking the house in which he was feasting, and when Copsi fled Oswulf burnt down the church in which he had taken sanctuary. Those madmen up there don’t care if the rule is Saxon or Norman, they’ll oppose either. You mark my words, King William will have trouble with them, and soon.”
“He’ll only have trouble with them once,” said Alan ominously. “William has tried to reconcile English and Norman interests to date. If they, or any English, revolt he’ll visit fire and destruction on a scale that has never been seen in this land before, and what goodwill he has tried to bear the English will be gone forever.”
Anne commented, “So you are saying that, like a rape, we English should just like back, let it happen and enjoy it?” she asked with asperity.
“No,” replied Alan. “These days I probably think more like an Englishman than a Norman and have more empathy for the English that I do with the conquerors. Orvin, you commented about the insularity of the men in the Danelaw, the Mercians and the Northumbrians.
“I say that in the past first the Vikings and then Cnut took away the will for rebellion by simple fear. William is trying an approach of largess and reconciliation with the surviving nobility who could lead a revolt. He took most of the English nobles with him when he went back to Normandy in March, effectively as hostages. If that doesn’t work I’m sure he’ll try the fear approach. What the English have done over the years is to absorb the invaders into your society- usually just in time for the next round of invasions. You call yourselves the English, an amalgamation of the peoples who have come to these lands over the past several thousand years. The Welsh and Scots, and many of the Normans, still refer to you as the Saxons, because they do not see or acknowledge the people that you have become.
“I said that had Harold Hardrada successfully invaded, the changes you see now would mainly still have occurred, but with Norwegians instead of Normans. The King’s royal court would still be talking in a foreign tongue. Over the last fifty years the House of Godwin, which collaborated and cooperated with Cnut and were rewarded for that, had turned England virtually into their own demesne. When they fell, great changes had to occur. Who benefits? At the moment mainly the Normans. In the medium-term, probably many English after the Normans have all received what they see as their just reward for services rendered. What may have occurred had Harold Godwinson won at Hastings, or Harold Hardrada at Stamford Bridge, is irrelevant. The English must deal with the lost battle, Harold Godwinson’s death and the death of his two most capable brothers- three if you include Tostig who died fighting alongside the Norwegians against his own brothers- and the fact that England is occupied by invaders. There are three options. The first is to accept it and make the most of a bad situation, as you have done in the past. The Norman invasion is not as bad for your people as was that of the Vikings. That is, as Anne put it, the ‘enjoy the rape’ approach.
“Secondly, you can find an English leader who can raise the whole country, including the north, behind him. That would have to be man who is a great general to beat William, who is himself a great general. That man who would have to fight with an army largely made up of peasants, as so many of the thegns were killed last year, against an army that uses effectively the combined arms of infantry, archers and heavy cavalry. It would be an English army that would have to win and win decisively in its first battle.
“You would need a man of stature from one of the four noble families. Somebody with the capabilities of Harold Godwinson. Who do you have? Edgar the Aetheling? Edwin of Mercia? Morcar of Northumbria? Earl Waltheof? None of them have what it takes to be successful, and with the possible exception of Edgar the Aetheling, the last of the line of Edward the Confessor, who would stand a chance of getting the unconditional support of the other earls? You need a giant like a new Edmund Ironside. Instead you have midgets. A general revolt would see England laid waste with most of its men of military-age dead, with resulting famine and starvation as there would be nobody left to sow or gather the harvests, and the total replacement of all Englishmen in positions of authority.
“The third and last option would be to invite Swein Estrithson, king of Denmark, to be your king, to invade with his full army and for all the English to support him. Based on kinship to the blood-royal, Swein has a good legal claim to the throne. Not as good as the Aetheling, but as good as that of William, whose legal claim before being crowned frankly was not strong.
“Do you want a Dane on the throne of England? How would you in East Anglia feel about having Danish overlords after the way that they have been raiding your shores and killing your people for years? That assumes that Swein is both interested in putting his full might behind an invasion, which would leave his homeland open to
