Guests of the Ayatollah

Robert Anders, 34, Port Charlotte, FL. Consular officer.

Mark J. Lijek, 29, Falls Church, VA. Consular officer.

Cora A. Lijek, 25, Falls Church, VA. Consular assistant.

Henry L. Schatz, 31, Coeur d’Alene, ID. Agriculture attache.

Joseph D. Stafford, 29, Crossville, TN. Consular officer.

Kathleen F. Stafford, 28, Crossville, TN. Consular assistant.

Thirteen women and African-Americans were released November 19 and 20, 1979. They were:

Kathy Gross, 22, Cambridge Springs, PA. Secretary.

Sgt. James Hughes, 30, Langley Air Force Base, VA. Air force administrative manager.

Lillian Johnson, 32, Elmont, NY. Secretary.

Sgt. Ladel Maples, 23, Earle, AR. Marine guard.

Elizabeth Montagne, 42, Calumet City, IL. Secretary.

Sgt. William Quarles, 23, Washington, D.C. Marine guard.

Lloyd Rollins, 40, Alexandria, VA. Administrative officer.

Capt. Neil (Terry) Robinson, 30, Houston, TX. Air force intelligence officer.

Terri Tedford, 24, South San Francisco, CA. Secretary.

Sgt. Joseph Vincent, 42, New Orleans, LA. Air force administrative manager.

Sgt. David Walker, 25, Prairie View, TX. Marine guard.

Joan Walsh, 33, Ogden, UT. CIA secretary.

Cpl. Wesley Williams, 24, Albany, NY. Marine guard.

Eight U.S. servicemen lost their lives in the attempt to free the hostages. They were:

Capt. Richard L. Bakke, 34, Long Beach, CA. Air force.

Sgt. John D. Harvey, 21, Roanoke, VA. Marine corps.

Cpl. George N. Holmes, Jr., 22, Pine Bluff, AR. Marine corps.

Staff Sgt. Dewey L. Johnson, 32, Jacksonville, NC. Marine corps.

Capt. Harold L. Lewis, 35, Mansfield, CT. Air force.

Tech. Sgt. Joel C. Mayo, 34, Bonifay, FL. Air force.

Capt. Lynn D. McIntosh, 33, Valdosta, GA. Air force.

Capt. Charles T. McMillan II, 28, Corrytown, TN. Air force.

Source Notes

Although I have drawn from a large collection of work about the Iranian hostage crisis, most of the information in this book is based on interviews with the participants. I owe a great debt to the many in-depth hostage interviews conducted by Tim Wells in preparation for his book 444 Days, material that Wells donated to the Duke University library and graciously allowed me to pillage. In the case of some of the hostages who have died, Wells’s interview was my only source for that person’s experience. Included in his collection was the unpublished diary of the late Bob Ode. I reinterviewed most of the hostages, but even in those cases the Wells interviews, which were conducted so soon after the events, were invaluable.

In the notes that follow, the reference to “news reports” refers to a fifteen-volume collection of newspaper articles printed out, collated, and bound for me by Terrence Henry, my tenacious researcher. The articles consisted of reports from the Washington Post, the Christian Science Monitor, Associated Press, and United Press International and abstracts from the New York Times and the Wall Street Journal. I have not noted in every case the exact date and title of each article, because often the stories on given days were very similar and, frankly, I drew on so many that sorting it all out at this point would be tedious and (I think) unnecessary, especially with the easy search capabilities of electronic databases.

The Carter Center in Atlanta provided me with copies of dozens of videotapes, almost forty hours of news programming (local and national) through the fifteen-month standoff. Again, I have not in each instance referred to the exact date, time, and source of each report, because the timing of the report in the context of the larger story is obvious, and the same material was broadcast on all of the networks and local stations. In certain instances, where the report or comment was particularly noteworthy, I have indicated the reporter and network in the text of the story. Some of the interviews for this book were done on my behalf by Terrence Henry, Aaron Bowden, David Keane, Arcadia Keane, Kaveh Ehsani, and the intrepid Christina Asquith, who tracked down former hostage Joe Subic in Baghdad.

INTERVIEWS

Hostages: Tom Ahern, Bill Belk, Don Cooke, Bill Daugherty, Billy Gallegos, Al Golacinski, Joe Hall, Kevin Hermening, Don Hohman, Joan (Walsh) Howland, Mike Howland, Charles Jones, Morehead “Mike” Kennedy, Kathryn Koob, Rick Kupke, Bruce Laingen, Steve Lauterbach, John Limbert, James Lopez, Michael Metrinko, Mike Moeller, Dick Morefield, Greg Persinger, Dave Roeder, Bill Royer, Chuck Scott, Don Sharer, Rocky Sickmann, Joe Subic. Tim Wells interviews: Cort Barnes, Belk, Cooke, Bob Englemann, Gallegos, Bruce German, Golacinski, John Graves, Hall, Hermening, Hohman, Lee Holland, Charles Jones, Malcolm Kalp, William Keough, Steven Kirtley, Bruce Laingen, Gary Lee, Paul Lewis, Mark Lijek, Limbert, Lopez, Metrinko, Morefield, Paul Needham, Bob Ode, Richard Queen, Barry Rosen, Royer, Thomas Schaefer, Scott, Sickmann, Victor Tomseth.

Rescue mission: Ken Bancroft, Joseph Byers, Bob Brenci, Fred Brooks, Zbigniew Brzezinski, Bucky Burruss, John Carney, Dave Cheney, Dave Doroski, Ray Doyle, Logan Fitch, Eric Haney, Jim Hughes, Reed Hughes, Wade Ishimoto, Rod Lenahan, Wayne Long, Bob Mingo, Keith Nightengale, Chuck Pittman, Jody Powell, Tim Prater, Frank Rotundo, Jesse Rowe, Taco Sanchez, Carl Savory, Jim Schaefer, Jim Scurria, Pete Schoomaker, E. K. Smith, Gerald Uttaro, Jim Vaught, Lyle Walton.

Iran interviews: Abbas Abdi, Alizera Alavitabar, Ibrahim Asgharzadeh, Abolhassan Bani-Sadr (in Paris), Massoud Dehnamaki, Nilufar (Massoumeh) Ebtekar, Reza Golpour, Mohammad Hashemi, Taha Hashemi, Morteza Kavakebian, Mousavi Khoeniha, Mohsen Mirdamadi, Mohammad Naimipoor, Farouz Rajaeefar, Saeed Razavi-Faqih, Hossein Shariatmadari, Sadegh Tabatabai, Mostafa Tajzadeh, Hossein Valeh, Ibrahim Yazdi.

Other: Cynthia Dwyer, Hershel Jaffe, Stephen Kinzer, Penne Laingen, Darrell Rupiper, Behrooz Sharsar, Zena Sheardown, Stansfield Turner, Richard Valeriani. Tim Wells interview: Cheri Lee, Parvaneh Limbert, Dorothea Morefield, Rita Ode, Barbara Timm.

Official State Department interviews: John Graves, Bruce Laingen, Richard Morefield, Henry Precht, Harold Saunders, Ann Swift.

BOOKS AND PUBLICATIONS

Hostages

In the Shadow of the Ayatollah: A CIA Hostage in Iran, William Daugherty. Naval Institute Press, 2001.