'To put it mildly #151;no.'
'Okay.' ZORAC paused for a second as if getting its thoughts organized. 'Are you familiar with Kaufmann and Randall #146;s recent work at the University of Utrecht, Holland? It is fully recorded in
'Yes, I did come across some references to it,' Hunt replied. 'Refresh my memory on it.'
'Kaufmann and Randall conducted extensive research on the way in which terrestrial vertebrates protect themselves against toxic agents and harmful microorganisms that enter their systems,' ZORAC said. 'The details vary somewhat from species to species, but essentially the basic mechanism is the same #151;presumably handed down and modified from common remote ancestral forms.'
'Ah yes, I remember,' Hunt said. 'A kind of natural self-immunization process, wasn #146;t it?'
He was referring to the discovery by the scientists at Utrecht that the animals of Earth manufactured a whole mixture of contaminants and toxins on a small scale, which were injected into the bloodstream in quantities just high enough to stimulate the production of specific antitoxins. The 'blueprint' for manufacturing these antitoxins was thus permanently impressed into the body #146;s chemical system in such a way that production would multiply prodigiously in the event of the body being invaded on a dangerous scale.
'Correct,' ZORAC answered. 'It explains why animals are far less bothered by unwholesome environments, polluted diets and so on than Man is.'
'Because Man is different; he doesn #146;t work that way #151;right?'
'Right.'
'Which brings us back to your question.'
'Right.'
Hunt regarded the blank screen of the console for a while, frowning to himself in an effort to follow what the machine was getting at. Whatever it was, it failed to register.
'I still don #146;t see where it gets us,' Hunt said at last. 'Man #146;s different because he #146;s different. It #146;s just as much a pointless question as before.'
'Not quite,' ZORAC said. 'The point is that it shouldn #146;t have been possible for Man to become different. That #146;s what #146;s interesting.'
'How come? I #146;m not with you.'
'Permit me to show you some equations that I have solved,' ZORAC suggested.
'Go ahead.'
'If you key in a channel-activate command I #146;ll put them on the large screen via the UNSA comnet.'
Hunt obliged by tapping a quick sequence of characters into the keyboard in front of him. A second later the screen above kaleidoscoped into a blaze of colors which immediately stabilized into a mass of densely packaged mathematical expressions. Hunt stared at the display for a few seconds and then shook his head.
'What #146;s it all supposed to be?' he asked.
ZORAC was happy to explain. 'Those expressions describe quantitatively certain aspects of behavior of the generalized central nervous system of the terrestrial vertebrate. Specifically they define how the basic nervous system will respond to the presence of given concentrations and mixes of various chemical agents in the bloodstream. The coefficients indicated in red are modifiers that would be fixed for a given species, but the dominant factors are the general ones shown in green.'
'So?'
'It reveals a fundamental drawback in the method that was adopted by terrestrial animals to protect themselves from their chemical environment. The drawback is that the substances introduced into the bloodstream by the self-immunization process will interfere with the functions of the nervous system. In particular, they will inhibit the development of higher brain functions.'
Suddenly Hunt realized what ZORAC was driving at. Before he could voice his thoughts, however, the machine went on.
'In particular, intelligence shouldn #146;t be capable of emerging at all. Larger and more complex brains demand a greater supply of blood; a greater supply of blood carries more contaminants and concentrates them in the brain cells; contaminated brain cells can #146;t coordinate sufficiently to exhibit higher levels of activity, that is, intelligence.
'In other words, intelligence should never have been able to evolve from the terrestrial line of vertebrate evolution. All the figures there say that terrestrial life should have gotten itself truly stuck up a dead end.'
Hunt gazed for a long time at the symbols frozen on the screen while he pondered the meaning of all this. The ancient architecture evolved by the remote ancestors of the vertebrates hundreds of millions of years before had met a short-term need but failed to anticipate the longer-term consequences. But Man, somewhere along his evolutionary line, had abandoned the self-immunization mechanism. In doing this he had increased his vulnerability to his surroundings, but at the same time he had opened up the way to evolving the superior intelligence that would, in time, more than make up for the initial disadvantage.
The intriguing question of course was: How and when had Man done it? The theory offered by the Utrecht researchers was: during the forced exodus of his ancestors to Minerva, during the period that lasted from twenty- five million to fifty thousand years ago. Twenty-five million years before, many species of ordinary terrestrial life had been shipped there; nearly that long later, only one had come back #151;one that had been very far from ordinary.
Danchekker had reasoned that a violent mutation had taken place along the line of human descent isolated on Minerva. This latest piece of information pointed out the area in which the mutation had occurred; it didn #146;t attempt to explain why it had happened. But then, mutations are random events; there was nothing to suggest that there had been any specific cause to look for.
The evident fact of the emergence of Ganymean intelligence fitted in nicely with this body of theory too. The architecture of Minervan land dwellers had isolated the system that carried the toxins from the system that carried blood. Thus, when larger brains became in order, the way was clear to evolve a brain that could draw more blood without more toxins #151;the density of one network simply increased while that of the other didn #146;t. Higher brain functions could develop without hindrance. The intelligence of the Ganymeans was the natural and logical outcome of Minervan evolution. Terrestrial evolution, however, pointed to no such natural and logical outcome; Man had somehow cheated the system.
'Well,' Hunt declared finally. 'It #146;s interesting, sure. But what makes you say it shouldn #146;t have happened? Mutations are random events. The change came about as a mutation that took place on Minerva, somewhere along the line that led to the Lunarians and from there to Man. It looks straightforward. What #146;s wrong with that?'
'I thought you #146;d say that,' ZORAC commented, somehow managing to give the impression of sounding quite pleased with itself. 'That #146;s the obvious first reaction.'
'So #151;what #146;s wrong with it?'
'It couldn #146;t work. What you #146;re saying is that somewhere early on in the primate line on Minerva, a mutation must have occurred that deactivated the self-immunization system.'
'Yes,' Hunt agreed.
'But there #146;s a problem in that,' ZORAC advised him. 'You see, I have performed extensive computations on further data available from
'And Minerva was becoming CO
'Exactly. If a mutation of the kind you #146;re suggesting occurred, then the species in which it had occurred could not have survived on Minerva. Hence, the ancestors of the Lunarians could not have mutated like that. If they did, they #146;d have died out. The Lunarians would never have existed and you wouldn #146;t exist.'
