'many and long seventy-eight years left-hand defections, and forty-nine years right-hand extremes;' while 'Professor Simson in Glasgow, and Mr. Glass in Tealing, both with Edom's children cry Raze, raze the very foundation!' Dr. McCrie is reduced to supposing that some of the more absurd sermons were incorrectly reported. Very possibly they were, but the reports were in the style which the people liked. As if to remove all possible charge of partiality, Scott made the one faultless Christian of his tale a Covenanting widow, the admirable Bessie McLure. But she, says the doctor, 'repeatedly banns and minces oaths in her conversation.' This outrageous conduct of Bessie's consists in saying 'Gude protect us!' and 'In Heaven's name, who are ye?' Next the Doctor congratulates Scott on his talent for buffoonery. 'Oh, le grand homme, rien ne lui peut plaire.' Scott is later accused of not making his peasants sufficiently intelligent. Cuddie Headrigg and Jenny Dennison suffice as answers to this censure.
Probably the best points made by Dr. McCrie are his proof that biblical names were not common among the Covenanteers and that Episcopal eloquence and Episcopal superstition were often as tardy and as dark as the eloquence and superstition of the Presbyterians. He carries the war into the opposite camp, with considerable success. His best answer to 'Old Mortality' would have been a novel, as good and on the whole as fair, written from the Covenanting side. Hogg attempted this reply, not to Scott's pleasure according to the Shepherd, in 'The Brownie of Bodsbeck.' The Shepherd says that when Scott remarked that the 'Brownie' gave an untrue description of the age, he replied, 'It's a devilish deal truer than yours!' Scott, in his defence, says that to please the friends of the Covenanters, 'their portraits must be drawn without shadow, and the objects of their political antipathy be blackened, hooved, and horned ere they will acknowledge the likeness of either.' He gives examples of clemency, and even considerateness, in Dundee; for example, he did not bring with him a prisoner, 'who laboured under a disease rendering it painful to him to be on horseback.' He examines the story of John Brown, and disproves the blacker circumstances. Yet he appears to hold that Dundee should have resigned his commission rather than carry out the orders of Government? Burley's character for ruthlessness is defended by the evidence of the 'Scottish Worthies.' As Dr. McCrie objects to his 'buffoonery,' it is odd that he palliates the 'strong propensity' of Knox 'to indulge his vein of humour,' when describing, with ghoul-like mirth, the festive circumstances of the murder and burial of Cardinal Beaton. The odious part of his satire, Scott says, is confined to 'the fierce and unreasonable set of extra-Presbyterians,' Wodrow's High Flyers. 'We have no delight to dwell either upon the atrocities or absurdities of a people whose ignorance and fanaticism were rendered frantic by persecution.' To sum up the controversy, we may say that Scott was unfair, if at all, in tone rather than in statement. He grants to the Covenanters dauntless resolution and fortitude; he admits their wrongs; we cannot see, on the evidence of their literature, that he exaggerates their grotesqueness, their superstition, their impossible attitude as of Israelites under a Theocracy, which only existed as an ideal, or their ruthlessness on certain occasions. The books of Wodrow, Kirkton, and Patrick Walker, the sermons, the ghost stories, the dying speeches, the direct testimony of their own historians, prove all that Scott says, a hundred times over. The facts are correct, the testimony to the presence of another, an angelic temper, remains immortal in the figure of Bessie McLure. But an unfairness of tone may be detected in the choice of such names as Kettledrummle and Poundtext: probably the 'jog-trot' friends of the Indulgence have more right to complain than the 'high-flying' friends of the Covenant. Scott had Cavalier sympathies, as Macaulay had Covenanting sympathies. That Scott is more unjust to the Covenanters than Macaulay to Claverhouse historians will scarcely maintain. Neither history or fiction would be very delightful if they were warless. This must serve as an apology more needed by Macaulay—than by Sir Walter. His reply to Dr. McCrie is marked by excellent temper, humour, and good humor. The 'Quarterly Review' ends with the well known reference to his brother Tom's suspected authorship: 'We intended here to conclude this long article, when a strong report reached us of certain transatlantic confessions, which, if genuine (though of this we know nothing), assign a different author to those volumes than the party suspected by our Scottish correspondents. Yet a critic may be excused for seizing upon the nearest suspected person, or the principle happily expressed by Claverhouse in a letter to the Earl of Linlithgow. He had been, it seems, in search of a gifted weaver who used to hold forth at conventicles: 'I sent for the webster, they brought in his brother for him: though he, maybe, cannot preach like his brother, I doubt not but he is as well principled as he, wherefore I thought it would be no great fault to give him the trouble to go to jail with the rest.''
Nobody who read this could doubt that Scott was, at least, 'art and part' in the review. His efforts to disguise himself as an Englishman, aided by a Scotch antiquary, are divertingly futile. He seized the chance of defending his earlier works from some criticisms on Scotch manners suggested by the ignorance of Gifford. Nor was it difficult to see that the author of the review was also the author of the novel. In later years Lady Louisa Stuart reminded Scott that 'Old Mortality,' like the Iliad, had been ascribed by clever critics to several hands working together. On December 5, 1816, she wrote to him, 'I found something you wot of upon my table; and as I dare not take it with me to a friend's house, for fear of arousing curiosity'—she read it at once. She could not sleep afterwards, so much had she been excited. 'Manse and Cuddie forced me to laugh out aloud, which one seldom does when alone.' Many of the Scotch words 'were absolutely Hebrew' to her. She not unjustly objected to Claverhouse's use of the word 'sentimental' as an anachronism. Sentiment, like nerves, had not been invented in Claverhouse's day.
The pecuniary success of 'Old Mortality' was less, perhaps, than might have been expected. The first edition was only of two thousand copies. Two editions of this number were sold in six weeks, and a third was printed. Constable's gallant enterprise of ten thousand, in 'Rob Roy,' throws these figures into the shade.
'Old Mortality' is the first of Scott's works in which he invades history beyond the range of what may be called living oral tradition. In 'Waverley,' and even in 'Rob Roy,' he had the memories of Invernahyle, of Miss Nairne, of many persons of the last generation for his guides. In 'Old Mortality' his fancy had to wander among the relics of another age, among the inscribed tombs of the Covenanters, which are common in the West Country, as in the churchyards of Balmaclellan and Dalry. There the dust of these enduring and courageous men, like that of Bessie Bell and Marion Gray in the ballad, 'beiks forenenst the sun,' which shines on them from beyond the hills of their wanderings, while the brown waters of the Ken murmur at their feet.
says the epitaph on the flat table-stone, beneath the wind tormented trees of Iron Gray. Concerning these
With all these materials at his command, Scott was able almost to dwell in the age of the Covenant hence the extraordinary life and brilliance of this, his first essay in fiction dealing with a remote time and obsolete manners. His opening, though it may seem long and uninviting to modern readers, is interesting for the sympathetic sketch of the gentle consumptive dominie. If there was any class of men whom Sir Walter could not away with, it was the race of schoolmasters, 'black cattle' whom he neither trusted nor respected. But he could make or invent exceptions, as in the uncomplaining and kindly usher of the verbose Cleishbotham. Once launched in his legend, with the shooting of the Popinjay, he never falters. The gallant, dauntless, overbearing Bothwell, the
