The Devil in History

Leninism; violence; Yakovlev and. See also Bolshevism; Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich

Levada, Yuri

Levesque, Jacques

Levinas, Emanuel

Levi, Primo, If This Is a Man

Levitsky, Steven

liberalism; anti-Marxist; capitalist; Cold War; Communism vs; democratic; dissidents and; Fascism vs.; vs. Gorbachev; nationalism and; post-Communism and; revisionists and; revolutions (1989-91) and; sixty-eighters and; Western; young Marx as ally of, See also humanism

liberalization, Communist regimes

Lichtheim, George

Lie. See Big Lie; falsification

Ligachev, Yegor

Lih, Lars

die Linke

Literaturnaya gazeta

Lithuania: Gorbachev and use of force in; Nazi and Soviet mass killings; political resurrection of Communist Party; Soviet/Russian occupation

London, Artur

Losonczy, Geza

Lozovsky, Solomon

Luca, Vasile

Lukacs, Georg; “Bolshevism as a moral problem,”; History and Class Consciousness; Lenin; Marxist messianism; revisionism; revolutionary class; transindividual historical subject

Lukashenko, Alexander

Lukes, Steven

Lunacharsky, Anatoly

Lupi, Dario

lustration law

Luxemburg, Rosa; vs. power of Lenin and party

lying. See Big Lie; falsification

Machiavellianism

Mahler, Gustav

Maier, Charles

Makarenko, Anton

Malia, Martin; The Black Book of Communism foreword; and crimes of Communism; Lefort vs.; Pipes controversy; Sovietism

Malraux, Andre; La condition humaine

Manea, Norman

Manicheanism: East European Communist leaders; Lenin; Marxism; Russian tradition and

Mann, Michael

Mann, Thomas

Maoism: in evolution of communism; moral-humanist Marxism chasm

Mao Zedong: on “modern revisionism,”; rebels against; revolutionary passion; supreme leader. See also Maoism

maquis, vs. Nazis

Marcou, Lilly

Margolin, Jean-Louis

Margolius, Rudolf market economies. See also capitalism

Markisch, Peretz

Markovic, Mihailo

Marks, Steven G., How Russia Shaped the Modern World

Markus, Gyorgy; Dictatorship over Needs (Heller, Feher, and Markus),

Martin, Terry

Marwick, Arthur

Marx, Karl; authoritarian personality; and class consciousness; de-Stalinization and; Eleventh Thesis on Feuerbach; The German Ideology; “heretics,”; Marx-Engels Archive; and proletariat; revisionism and; Theses on Feuerbach. See also Communist Manifesto

Marxism; authoritarian-voluntaristic; class struggle central to; critical; culpability; deradicalization; de- Stalinization and; disenchantment with; eschatology; freedom; and humanism; ideology; vs. individual; institutional and intellectual; internationalism; Leninism and; “Marxist Darwinism,”; millennialist; monism; Nazism’s affinities with; neo-Marxists; and Nietzsche; non-Leninist versions; party mysticism; post-Marxism; revisionism; revolutionary; science; Soviet-style; Stalin and; theodicy; utopia; violence sanctified by; Western. See also Communism

mass murder. See also exterminist policies; genocide; Holocaust; purges; terror

Matustik, Martin

Mauss, Marcel

Mayakovsky, Vladimir

Mazowiecki, Tadeusz

Meciar, Vladimir

memory: of Communist crimes; competitive regimes of; ethnicization of; of Holocaust; hypermnesia; mismemory. See also amnesia

Mensheviks; Bukharin and; comparison between Nazism and Communism; exiled; Jews associated with (by Stalin); Lenin vs.; Russian tradition; split with Bolsheviks

Merker, Paul

Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, Humanism and Terror

messianism; Communist; Fascist; post-Communism. See also charismatic politics; redemptive mythologies

Meszaros, Istvan

Michnik, Adam: campaign against; “From humanity, through nationality, to barbarity,”; individuality; new evolutionism; “perestroika virus,”; “perfect society,”; revisionism; revolutions (1989-91); shared vision of public good; “velvet restoration,”; “West of center,”

millennialism; Fascist; Leninist; Marxist. See also chiliasms; eschatology

Mills, C. Wright

Milosevic-style expansionist chauvinism

Milosz, Czeslaw

Mints, Isaac

mismemory. See also amnesia; falsification

mission: Communist; Fascist

Mladenov, Petar

Mlynar, Zdenek; The State and the Individual; “Towards a Democratic Political Organization of Society,”; “What to Do with the Party?” (with Gorbachev)

modernity; Communism and; Fascist; identity myths; illiberal; liberal; nationalism; post-Communism; revisionism and

Modrow, Hans