sides.’
There are others who dispute Woland’s claim to the power of this world. They are absent or all but absent from The Master and Margarita. But the reality of the world seems to be at their disposal, to be shaped by them and to bear their imprint. Their names are Caesar and Stalin. Though absent in person, they are omnipresent. Their imposed will has become the measure of normality and self-evidence. In other words, the normality of this world is imposed terror. And, as the story of Pilate shows, this is by no means a twentieth-century phenomenon. Once terror is identified with the world, it becomes invisible. Bulgakov’s portrayal of Moscow under Stalin’s terror is remarkable precisely for its weightless, circus-like theatricality and lack of pathos. It is a substanceless reality, an empty suit writing at a desk. The citizens have adjusted to it and learned to play along as they always do. The mechanism of this forced adjustment is revealed in the chapter recounting ‘Nikanor Ivanovich’s Dream’, in which prison, denunciation and betrayal become yet another theatre with a kindly and helpful master of ceremonies. Berlioz, the comparatist, is the spokesman for this ‘normal’ state of affairs, which is what makes his conversation with Woland so interesting. In it he is confronted with another reality which he cannot recognize. He becomes ’unexpectedly mortal‘. In the story of Pilate, however, a moment of recognition does come. It occurs during Pilate’s conversation with Yeshua, when he sees the wandering philosopher’s head float off and in its place the toothless head of the aged Tiberius Caesar. This is the pivotal moment of the novel. Pilate breaks off his dialogue with Yeshua, he does not ’go over‘, and afterwards must sit like a stone for two thousand years waiting to continue their conversation.
Parable cuts through the normality of this world only at moments. These moments are preceded by a sense of dread, or else by a presentiment of something good. The first variation is Berlioz’s meeting with Woland. The second is Pilate’s meeting with Yeshua. The third is the ‘self-baptism’ of the poet Ivan Homeless before he goes in pursuit of the mysterious stranger. The fourth is the meeting of the master and Margarita. These chance encounters have eternal consequences, depending on the response of the person, who must act without foreknowledge and then becomes the consequences of that action.
The touchstone character of the novel is Ivan Homeless, who is there at the start, is radically changed by his encounters with Woland and the master, becomes the latter’s ‘disciple’ and continues his work, is present at almost every turn of the novel’s action, and appears finally in the epilogue. He remains an uneasy inhabitant of ’normal’ reality, as a historian who ‘knows everything’, but each year, with the coming of the spring full moon, he returns to the parable which for this world looks like folly.
Richard Pevear
A Note on the Text and Acknowledgements
At his death, Bulgakov left The Master and Margarita in a slightly unfinished state. It contains, for instance, certain inconsistencies — two versions of the ‘departure’ of the master and Margarita, two versions of Yeshua’s entry into Yershalaim, two names for Yeshua’s native town. His final revisions, undertaken in October of 1939, broke off near the start of Book Two. Later he dictated some additions to his wife, Elena Sergeevna, notably the opening paragraph of Chapter 32 (’Gods, my gods! How sad the evening earth!‘). Shortly after his death in 1940, Elena Sergeevna made a new typescript of the novel. In 1963, she prepared another typescript for publication, which differs slightly from her 1940 text. This 1963 text was published by Moskva in November 1966 and January 1967. However, the editors of the magazine made cuts in it amounting to some sixty typed pages. These cut portions immediately appeared in samizdat (unofficial Soviet ’self-publishing‘), were published by Scherz Verlag in Switzerland in 1967, and were then included in the Possev Verlag edition (Frankfurt-am-Main, 1969) and the YMCA-Press edition (Paris, 1969). In 1973 a new and now complete edition came out in Russia, the result of a comparison of the already published editions with materials in the Bulgakov archive. It included additions and changes taken from written corrections on other existing typescripts. The latest Russian edition (1990) has removed the most important of those additions, bringing the text dose once again to Elena Sergeevna’s 1963 typescript. Given the absence of a definitive authorial text, this process of revision is virtually endless. However, it involves changes that in most cases have little bearing for a translator.
The present translation has been made from the text of the original magazine publication, based on Elena Sergeevna’s 1963 typescript, with all cuts restored as in the Possev and YMCA-Press editions. It is complete and unabridged.
The translators wish to express their gratitude to M. O. Chudakova for her advice on the text and to Irina Kronrod for her help in preparing the Further Reading.
R. P., L. V.
Further Reading
WORKS OF MIKHAIL BULGAKOV IN RUSSIAN
Bulgakov, M. A., Sobraniye sochinenii v pyati tomakh, Khudozhestvennaya
Literatura, Moscow, 1989-90 (collected works in five volumes.)
WORKS ON MIKHAIL BULGAKOV AND THE MASTER
AND MARGARITA
In Russian
Bulgakova, E. S., Dnevnik, Moscow, 1990 (diaries of Bulgakov’s third wife)
Chudakova, M. O., Zhizneopisanie Mikhaila Bulgakova, Moscow, 1988
Gasparov, Boris, Iz nabliudenii nad motivnoi strukturoi romana M. A Bulgakova ‘Master i Margarita’, Riga, 1989
Kreps, Mikhail, Bulgakov i Pasternak kak romanisty, Ann Arbor, 1984
Vospominaniya o Mikhaile Bulgakove, Moscow, 1988 (memoirs by various hands)
Yanovskaya, L., Tvorcheskiy put’ Mikhaila Bulgakova, Moscow, 1983
In English
Barratt, Andrew, Between Two Worlds. A Critical Introduction to ‘The Master and Margarita’, Oxford, 1987
Curtis, Julie A., Bulgakov’s Last Decade: The Writer as Hero, Cambridge, 1987
— Manuscripts Don’t Burn: Mikhail Bulgakov, a Life in Letters and Diaries, Woodstock, NY, 1992
Milne, Lesley, The Master and Margarita: A Comedy of Victory, Birmingham, 1977
— Mikhail Bulgakov: A Critical Biography, Cambridge and New York, 1990
Proffer, Ellendea, Bulgakov: Life and Work, Ann Arbor, 1984
