Unbroken: A World War II Story of Survival, Resilience, and Redemption

Naoetsu to be bombed: Louis Zamperini, letter to Edwin Wilber, May 1946.

15

Marvin’s thoughts: Ken Marvin, telephone interview, January 31, 2005.

16

Work crews dismissed: Wall, p. 304.

17

Louie vomiting, gets letters: Louis Zamperini, POW diary.

18

Town illuminated, POWs take shades down: Wall, p. 304.

19

“Look like skeleton”: Louis Zamperini, POW diary.

20

The Bird reappears: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview.

21

Rokuroshi: Emerson, pp. 80–84; Giles, pp. 154–57; Robert S. La Forte, Ronald E. Marcello, and Richard L. Himmel, eds.,

With Only the Will to Live: Accounts of Americans in Japanese Prison Camps, 1941– 1945

(Wilmington, Del.: SR Books, 1994), pp. 260–61; George Steiger, “Captain George Steiger: A POW Diary,”

http://www.fsteiger.com/gsteipow.html

(accessed October 2, 2009).

22

Men told war over: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview; John Fitzgerald, POW diary, Papers of John A. Fitzgerald, Operational Archives Branch, NHC, Washington, D.C.; John Cook, email interview, October 30, 2004; Frank Tinker, telephone interview, February 20, 2005.

23

“The war has come”: John Cook, email interview, October 30, 2004.

24

Commander asks POWs to fight “Red Menace”: Frank Tinker, telephone interview, February 20, 2005; John Cook, email interview, October 30, 2004; John Cook, “Japan: C Force,” unpublished memoir. One published account of the speech gives a different version of events, stating that according to Cook, it was Fitzgerald who asked that the POWs of other nations join America in fighting the Soviets. But in Cook’s memoir, as well as his interview with this author, he stated that it was the Japanese commander, not Fitzgerald, who wanted POWs to join Japan in the fight against the Soviets. “The Camp Commander, through the Interpreter,” Cook wrote, “informed the POWs that the War with Japan was over and he appealed to them to join with Japan to fight the Red Menace. (Russia.)” This account makes far more sense, as America was not fighting the Soviet Union, then its ally, but Japan was, having seen its Kuril Islands seized by the Soviets two days before. According to POW Johan Arthur Johansen, the commander at Omori also asked the POWs to join Japan in fighting the Russians.

25

Flyover, reaction: Frank Tinker, telephone interview, February 20, 2005; Louis Zamperini, telephone interview; John Cook, email interview, October 30, 2004; Robert Rasmussen, “A Momentous Message of Hope,”

National Aviation Museum Foundation Magazine

, vol. 8, no. 1, Spring 1987; Louis Zamperini, interview by George Hodak, Hollywood, Calif., June 1988, AAFLA; Ken Marvin, telephone interview, January 31, 2005.

26

Clift: Robert Rasmussen, “A Momentous Message of Hope,”

National Aviation Museum Foundation Magazine

, vol. 8, no. 1, Spring 1987.

27

OUR TBFS HAVEN’T BEEN ABLE:

Ibid.

28

Chocolate, cigarettes: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview; Ken Marvin, telephone interview, January 31, 2005; Wade, p. 169.

29

Pants drop from plane: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview; Louis Zamperini, interview by George Hodak, Hollywood, Calif., June 1988, AAFLA.

30