In the Graveyard of Empires: America's War in Afghanistan

University Press, 2005), p. 83.

24. Gerges, The Far Enemy, pp. 38–40; Zahab and Roy, Islamist Networks, pp. 48–52.

25. U.S. Department of State, Cable, “Message to the Taliban on Bin Laden,” August 23, 1998. Also see, for example, U.S. Embassy (Islamabad), Cable, “Usama Bin Ladin: Bin Ladin Uses Recent Interviews to Assert Right to WMD, and to Threaten U.S. and U.K. Over Iraq,” December 28, 1998. Released by the National Security Archive.

26. Laura Mansfield, His Own Words: A Translation of the Writings of Dr. Ayman al Zawahiri (Old Tappan, NJ: TLG Publications, 2002), pp. 314–15.

27. Gerges, The Far Enemy.

28. “UK’s Arabic Paper Interviews bin Laden’s Former ‘Bodyguard,’” BBC Monitoring International Reports, March 30, 2005. “Interview of Bin Ladin’s Former Body Guard, Abu Jandal,” Al- Quds al-Arabi (London), August 25, 2005.

29. Alan Cullison stumbled upon several al Qa’ida computers in Kabul shortly after the overthrow of the Taliban regime. Alan Cullison, “Inside al-Qa’ida’s Hard Drive,” Atlantic Monthly, vol. 294, no. 2, September 2004, p. 67.

30. Sayyid Qutb, Ma’alim fi-l-Tariq [Milestones] (Karachi: International Islamic Publishers, 1981).

31. The Qur’an, 5:50.

32. On Qutb’s work, see Gilles Kepel, The Prophet and Pharaoh: Muslim Extremism in Egypt (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); Olivier Carre, Mystique et politique (Paris: Presses de la FNSP et Cerf, 1984); Ibrahim M. Abu Rabi, Intellectual Origins of Islamic Resurgence in the Muslim Arab World (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1996).

33. See, for example, Qutb, Ma’alimfi-1-Tariq, p. 57.

34. See, for example, Kepel, Jihad, pp. 25–27.

35. Coll, Ghost Wars, p. 113.

36. Qutb, Ma’alim fi-1-Tariq.

37. The Qur’an, 5:50.

38. Ayman al-Zawahiri, Knights Under the Prophet’s Banner, translated by Laura Mansfield (Old Tappan, NJ: TLG Publications, 2002), p. 61.

39. Osama Rushdi, “How Did the Ideology of the ‘Jihad Group’ Evolve?” Al Hayat, January 30, 2002; Gerges, The Far Enemy, p. 97.

40. Gerges, The Far Enemy, p. i.

41. On the establishment of a caliphate, see, for example, Abu Bakr Naji, The Management of Savagery: The Most Critical Stage Through Which the Umma Will Pass, translated and published by the John M. Olin Institute for Strategic Studies at Harvard Universit Ma 23 2006.

42. Zawahiri, Knights Under the Prophet’s Banner, p. 201.

43. Mansfield, In His Own Words, p. 47.

44. ABC Television News interview, “Terror Suspect: An Interview with Osama bin Laden,” December 22, 1998 (conducted in Afghanistan by ABC News producer Rahimullah Yousafsai).

45. See, for example, Wright, The Looming Tower, p. 48; Gerges, The Far Enemy, pp. 3–4.

46. United States of America v. Zacarias Moussaoui, Transcript of Jury Trial Before the Honorable Leonie M. Brinkema, United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, Alexandria, VA, March 6, 2006.

47. The Qur’an, 4:29–30.

48. On paradise, see, for example, The Qur’an, 56:12–39.

49. See, for example, Memorandum from the Rendon Group to J5 CENTCOM Strategic Effects, “Polling Results—Afghanistan Omnibus May 2007,” June 15, 2007.

50. Mohammed el-Shafey, “Al-Zawahiri’s Secret Papers,” Part 6, Al-Sharq al-Awsat, December 18, 2002.

51. Zawahiri, Knights Under the Prophet’s Banner, p. 200.

52. Sayyid Qutb, “Letter to Tewfig al-Hakeem,” in al-Khaledi, Amrika min al-dahkhil, p. 39.

53. Zawahiri argued: “Jerusalem will not be liberated unless the battle for Egypt and Algeria is won and unless Egypt is liberated.” See, for example, Montasser al-Zayat, Ayman Zawahiri as I Knew Him (Cairo, 2002), pp. 113–36; Salah, Narratives of the Jihad Years, chapter 5.

54. Zawahiri, Knights Under the Prophet’s Banner, p. 199.

55. Osama bin Laden, video clip released in September 2007.

56. Abdullah Azzam, Defense of Muslim Lands: The Most Important Personal Duty (Amman, Jordan: Modern Mission Librar, 2005), chapter 1.

57. Quoted in Bergen, The Osama bin Laden I Know, p. 35.

58. Zawahiri, Knights Under the Prophet’s Banner, p. 128.

59. Ibid., p. 111.

60. Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996), pp. 209–18.

61. Ayman al-Zawahiri, AlWalaa wa al Baraa, obtained by Al Hayat, January 14, 2003.

62. Zawahiri, Knights Under the Prophet’s Banner, p. 113.

63. Ibid., p. 111.

64. The text is the second fatwa originally published on February 23, 1998, to declare a holy war, or jihad, against the West and Israel. It was signed by Osama bin Laden, head of al Qa’ida; Ayman al-Zawahiri, head of al-Jihad; Rifa’i Ahmad Taha, leader of the Egyptian Islamic Group; Sheikh Mir Hamzah, secretary of the Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan; and Fazlur Rehman, leader of the Jihad Movement in Bangladesh.

65. See, for example, Sandia National Laboratories, U.S. Department of Energy, Dr. Gary W. Richter, Osama bin Laden: A Case Study, December 6, 1999. Released by the National Security Archive.

66. U.S. Embassy (Islamabad), Cable, “TFXX01: Afghanistan: Reaction to U.S. Strikes Follows Predictable Lines: Taliban Angry, Their Opponents Support U.S.,” August 21, 1998.

67. U.S. Embassy (Islamabad), Cable, “Afghanistan: Reported Activities of Extremist Arabs and Pakistanis Since August 20 U.S. Strike on Khost Terrorist Camps,” September 9, 1998. Released by the National Security Archive.

68. Executive Order 13129 of July 4, 1999, Blocking Property and Prohibiting Transactions With the Taliban.

69. Ahmed Rashid, Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia (New Haven CT: Yale University Press, 2000),. 98–100.

70. On Saudi Arabia’s historical role in Afghanistan, see National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, The 9/11 Commission Report (New York: W. W. Norton, 2004), pp. 371– 74.

71. U.S. Embassy (Islamabad), Cable, “Afghanistan: Tensions Reportedly Mount Within Taliban as Ties With Saudi Arabia Deteriorate Over Bin Ladin,” September 28, 1998. Released by the National Security Archive.

72. U.S. Embassy (Islamabad), Cable, “Afghanistan: Taliban Seem to Have Less Funds and Supplies This Year, But the Problem Does Not Appear to Be that Acute,” February 17, 1999. Released by the National Security Archive.

73. Memorandum from Richard A. Clarke to Condoleezza Rice, Subject: Presidential Policy Initiative / Review—The Al-Qida Network, January 25, 2001. Released by the National Security Archive.

74. Zawahiri, Knights Under the Prophet’s Banner, pp. 38–39.

75. Mohammad Yousaf and Mark Adkin, Afghanistan—The Bear Trap: The Defeat of a