Superpower (Havertown, PA: Casemate, 2001).
76. Wright, The Looming Tower, p. 110. Gilles Kepel also argues that “the Arabs seem to have played only a minor part in fighting the Red Army. Their feats of arms were largely perpetrated after the Soviet withdrawal in February 1989 and were highly controversial.” Kepel, Jihad, p. 147. And Fawaz Gerges notes: “There exists no evidence pointing to any vital role played by foreign veterans in the Afghan victory over the Russians.” Gerges, The Far Enemy, pp. 83–84.
77. See, for example, ABC reporter John Miller’s interview with bin Laden in May 1998, a little over two months before the U.S. Embassy bombings in Tanzania and Kenya. Part of the transcript was played at the trial of Zacarias Moussaoui, who was arrested in August 2001, shortly before the September 11, 2001, attacks in the United States. United States of America v. Zacarias Moussaoui, Transcript of Jury Trial Before the Honorable Leonie M. Brinkema, United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, Alexandria, VA, March 6, 2006.
78. Memorandum from Richard A. Clarke to Condoleezza Rice, January 25, 2001.
Chapter Six
1. Jon Lee Anderson, “American Viceroy: Zalmay Khalilzad’s Mission,” The New Yorker, December 19, 2005, p. 63.
2. On the overthrow of the Taliban regime, see Gary Schroen, First In: An Insider’s Account of How the CIA Spearheaded the War on Terror in Afghanistan (New York: Ballantine Books, 2005); Stephen Biddle, Afghanistan and the Future of Warfare: Implications for Army and Defense Policy (Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, November 2002); Gary Berntsen and Ralph Pezzullo, Jawbreaker: The Attack on Bin Laden and Al Qa’ida (New York: Crown Publishers, 2005); Bob Woodward, Bush at War (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2002).
3. Author interview with Ambassador Wendy Chamberlin, August 27, 2008.
4. Ibid.
5. Transcript of Martin Smith interview with Richard Armitage, July 20, 2006. I received a copy of the transcript from Frontline.
6. Woodward, Bush at War, p. 47.
7. Author interview with Ambassador Wendy Chamberlin, August 27, 2008. W
8. Woodward, Bush at War, p. 59.
9. Author interview with Ambassador Wendy Chamberlin, August 27, 2008.
10. Ibid.
11. Woodward, Bush at War, p. 51.
12. George Tenet, At the Center of the Storm: My Years at the CIA (New York: HarperCollins, 2007), p. 207.
13. Douglas J. Feith, War and Decision: Inside the Pentagon at the Dawn of the War on Terrorism (New York: HarperCollins, 2008), pp. 75–76.
14. Schroen, First In, p. 28.
15. Andrew J. Birtle, Afghan War Chronology (Washington, DC: U.S. Army Center of Military History Information Paper, March 22, 2002), pp. 2–3.
16. Biddle, Afghanistan and the Future of Warfare, pp. 8–10.
17. Michael DeLong and Noah Lukeman, Inside CENTCOM: The Unvarnished Truth about the Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq (Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing, 2004), p. 46.
18. U.S. Army Military History Institute: Tape 032602p, CPT M. int.; Tape 032802p, CPT D. int. This information comes from deposits at the U.S. Army Military History Institute’s archive at Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania. See also Dale Andrade, The Battle for Mazar-e-Sharif, October—November 2001 (Washington, DC: U.S. Army Center of Military History Information Paper, March 1, 2002), pp. 2–3. Roadbound Taliban and al Qa’ida reserves moving from Sholgerah were decimated by American air interdiction as they moved south to reinforce the defenses of Bai Beche and Ac’capruk, then as they fled north toward Mazar after November 5. See U.S. Army Military History Institute: Memorandum for the Record, COL J. int., July 2002; Tape 032602p, CPT M. int.
19. Biddle, Afghanistan and the Future of Warfare, p. 10.
20. Ibid., p. 9.
21. Ahmed Rashid, Descent into Chaos: The United States and the Failure of Nation Building in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Central Asia (New York: Viking, 2008), pp. 3–6.
22. U.S. Army Military History Institute: Tape 032802a, MAJ D. int.; Tape 032802p, MAJ C. int.; Tape 032602a, CPT H. et al. int. Also see John Car-land, The Campaign Against Kandahar (Washington, DC: U.S. Army Center of Military History Information Paper, March 4, 2002), pp. 2–5.
23. U.S. Army Military History Institute: Tape 032602p, CPT M. int.
24. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1383, December 6, 2001, S/RES/1383 (2001).
25. On Operation Anaconda, see Operation Anaconda: An Air Power Perspective (Washington, DC: Headquarters United States Air Force AF/XOL, February 2005); Paul L. Hastert, “Operation Anaconda: Perception Meets Reality in the Hills of Afghanistan,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, vol. 28, pp. 11–20; Sean Naylor, Not a Good Day to Die: The Untold Story of Operation Anaconda (New York: Berkley Books, 2005).
26. Author interview with Ambassador Wendy Chamberlin, August 27, 2008.
27. Author interview with Robert Grenier, November 6, 2007.
28. Author interview with Lieutenant Colonel Ed O’Connell (ret.), July 8, 2007.
29. Pervez Musharraf, In the Line of Fire: A Memoir (New York: Free Press, 2006), p. 217.
30. Philip Smucker, Al Qa’ida’s Great Escape: The Military and the Media on Terror’s Trail (Washington, DC: Brassey’s, 2004); Berntsen and Pezzullo, Jawbreaker, pp. 255–64; Mary Anne Weaver, “Lost at Tora Bora,” New York Times, September 11, 2005.
31. Weaver, “Lost at Tora Bora.”
32. Author interview with U.S. intelligence operative who was in the vicinity of Tora Bora at the time, March 6, 2009. Berntsen and Pezzullo, Jawbreaker, pp. 314–15.
33. Brigadier Muhammad Ijaz Chaudry, “Pakistan’s Counterterrorism Strategy,” Paper presented at National Defense University, Washington, DC, July 27, 2007, p. 12.
34. Berntsen and Pezzullo, Jawbreaker, pp. 307–8.
35. Author interview with Robert Grenier, November 6, 2007.
36. European Union and UNAMA, Discussion of Taliban and Insurgency (Kabul: European Union and UNAMA, April 30, 2007), p. 1.
37. Stephen T. Hosmer, The Army’s Role in Counterinsurgency and Insurgency (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1990), pp. 30–3I; Daniel Byman et al., Trends in Outside Support for Insurgent Movements (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2001); Byman, Deadly Connections: States that Sponsor Terrorism (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005).
38. Data are from the Population Census Organization, Statistics Division, Ministry of Economic Affairs and Statistics, Government of Pakistan, 2007. The Population Census Organization estimated that 15.42 percent of a total population of 160,612,500 had Pashto as their mother tongue.
39. David Galula, Counterinsurgency Warfare: Theory and Practice (St. Petersburg, FL: Hailer Publishing, 1964), pp. 23–24.
40. James D. Fearon and David D. Laitin, “Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War,” American Political Science Review, vol. 97, no. 1, February 2003, pp. 75–90; Galula, Counterinsurgency Warfare: Theory and Practice, pp. 35–37.
41. Agreement between His Highness Amir Abdur Rahman Khan G.C.S.I., Amir of Afghanistan and its Dependencies on the one part and Sir Henry Mortimer Durand K.C.I.C.S.I., Foreign Secretary to the Government of India representing the Government of India, on the other part. Signed in Kabul, Afghanistan, on November 12, 1893.
