In the Graveyard of Empires: America's War in Afghanistan

46. “Religious Scholars Call on Taliban to Abandon Violence,” Pajhwok News Agency, July 28, 2005.

47. “Taliban Claim Killing of Pro-Government Religious Scholars in Helmand,” Afghan Islamic Press, July 13, 2005.

48. The Asia Foundation, Voter Education Planning Survey: Afghanistan 2004 National Elections (Kabul: The Asia Foundation, 2004); pp. 107–8.

49. Author interview with Ambassador Ronald Neumann, September 7, 2007.

Chapter Fourteen

1. The North Atlantic Treaty, Washington, DC, April 4, 1949.

2. Eric V. Larson, “U.S. Air Force Roles Reach Beyond Securing the Skies,” RAND Review, vol. 26, no. 2, Summer 2002.

3. Author interview with NATO military official, Kandahar, Afghanistan, September 16, 2007.

4. Douglas J. Feith, War and Decision: Inside the Pentagon at the Dawn of the War on Terrorism (New York: HarperCollins, 2008), p. 154.

5. Author interview with Daoud Yaqub, January 2, 2008.

6. UNDP, Rebuilding the Justice Sector of Afghanistan (Kabul: United Nations Development Program, January 2003), p. IA.

7. The Bonn Agreement (2001), article II, paragraph 2.

8. Author interviews with Carlos Batori, counselor and deputy head of mission, Italian Government, Kabul, June 22, 2004, and Colonel Gary Medvigy, Office of Military Cooperation—Afghanistan, June 24, 2004.

9. J. Alexander Thier, Reestablishing the Judicial System in Afghanistan (Stanford, CA: Center on Democracy, Development, and the Rule of Law, Stanford University, September 2004), p. 13.

10. Feith, War and Decision, pp. 153–55.

11. World Bank, Governance Matters 2007: Worldwide Governance Indicators, 1996– 2006 (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2007).

12. Transparency International, Corruption Perceptions Index 2007 (Berlin, Germany: Transparency International, 2007).

13. World Bank, Governance Matters 2007.

14. Author interview with Daoud Yaqub, January 2, 2008.

15. Author interview with Lieutenant General Karl Eikenberry, October 27, 2007.

16. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1510, October 13, 2003, S/RES/1510. Resolution 1510 specifically authorized “expansion of the mandate of the International Security Assistance Force to allow it, as resources permit, to support the Afghan Transitional Authority and its successors in the maintenance of security in areas of Afghanistan outside of Kabul and its environs, so that the Afghan Authorities as well as the personnel of the United Nations and other international civilian personnel engaged, in particular, in reconstruction and humanitarian efforts, can operate in a secure environment, and to provide security assistance for the performance of other tasks in support of the Bonn Agreement.”

17. Hans-Jurgen Leersch, “Deutsche Soldaten werden im Norden Afghanistans patrouillieren,” Die Welt, October 16, 2003; Halima Kazem, “Germany Pushes to Extend Security Beyond Kabul,” Christian Science Monitor, October 7, 2003, p. 7.

18. Author interview with Lieutenant General David Barno, September 4, 2007; North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO in Afghanistan: How Did This Operation Evolve? (Brussels: NATO, 2008).

19. Map courtesy of NATO.

20. Author interview with Lieutenant General David Barno, September 4, 2007.

21. Anne Barnard and Neil Swidey, “U.S. Commander’s Background Considered a Strength in War with Iraq,” Boston Globe, March 27, 2003, p. A28.

22. Lieutenant General Ricardo S. Sanchez with Donald T. Phillips, Wiser in Battle: A Soldier’s Story (New York: HarperCollins, 2008), p. 50.

23. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1623, September 13, 2005, S/RES/1623.

24. Eric Schmitt and David S. Cloud, “U.S. May Start Pulling Out of Afghanistan Next Spring,” New York Times, September 14, 2005, p. 3; Bradley Graham, “U.S. Considering Troop Reduction in Afghanistan,” Washington Post, September 14, 2005, p. A26.

25. See, for example, Eric Schmitt, “U.S. to Cut Force in Afghanistan,” New York Times, December 20, 2005, p. A19.

26. See, for example, Christopher Layne, “America as European Hegemon,” National Interest, no. 72, Summer 2003, pp. 17–29.

27. Elizabeth Pond, Friendly Fire: The Near-Death of the Transatlantic Alliance Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2004), pp. 56–62; Laurent Cohen-Tanugi, An Alliance at Risk: The United States and Europe Since September 11 (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004), p. 82.

28. Claire Trean, “La guerre contre l’Irak se fera sans le feu vert des Nations unies,” Le Monde, March 12, 2003; Luc de Barochez, “Alors que la date du prochain vote du Conseil de securite n’est pas encore fixee,” Le Figaro, March 11, 2003; “Paris rejetera une deuxieme resolution au conseil de securite,” La Tribune, March 11, 2003, p. 4.

29. See, for example, the speech by Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier to the German Bundestag, Berlin, December 14, 2005: “Speech by Foreign Minister Steinmeier in the German Bundestag” (Berlin: Federal Foreign Office, December 2005). Also see Chancellor Angela Merkel’s objections to the U.S. prison at Guantanamo Bay in Jens Tartler and Olaf Gersemann, “Merkel fordert Ende von Guantanamo,” Financial Times Deutschland, January 9, 2006.

30. Henry A. Kissinger, “Role Reversal and Alliance Realities,” Washington Post, February 10, 2003, p. A21.

31. Patrick E. Tyler, “Threats and Responses: Old Friends,” New York Times, February 12, 2003, p. A1.

32. Ivo H. Daalder, “The End of Atlanticism,” Survival, vol. 45, no. 2, Summer 2003, pp. 147–48. Also see Samuel F. Wells, “The Transatlantic Illness,” Wilson Quarterly, vol. XXVII, no. 1, Winter 2003, pp. 40–46; James B. Steinberg, “An Elective Partnership: Salvaging Transatlantic Relations,” Survival, vol. 45, no. 2, Summer 2003, pp. 113–46; Philip H. Gordon and Jeremy Shapiro, Allies at War: America, Europe, and the Crisis Over Iraq (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004), p. 2.

33. Eric Schmitt, “NATO Troops Will Relieve Americans in Fighting the Taliban,” New York Times, December 31, 2005, p. A3.

34. Jason Beattie, “5,000 British Troops to Root Out the Taliban,” The Evening Standard (London), September 13, 2005, p. 8.

35. Doug Saunders, “NATO Chief Defends Afghan Mission,” The Globe and Mail, March 7, 2006, p. A12.

36. Author interview with Lieutenant General Karl Eikenberry, October 27, 2007.

37. UK House of Commons Select Committee on Defence, Thirteenth Report (London: HMSC, 2007), para. 46.

38. Author interview with NATO official, NATO ISAF Headquarters, Kabul, Afghanistan, September 15, 2007.

39. Judy Dempsey and David S. Cloud, “Europeans Balking at New Afghan Role,” International Herald Tribune, September 14, 2005, p. 1.

40. UK House of Commons Select Committee on Defence, Thirteenth Report, para. 43.

41. German Marshall Fund of the United States and the Compagnia di San Paolo (Italy), Transatlantic Trends: Key Findings 2007 (Washington, DC: German Marshall Fund of the United States and the Compagnia di San Paolo, 2007), p. 33.

42. Author interview with General Markus Kneip, September 6, 2006.