59. Asia Foundation, Afghanistan in 2006, pp. 14–16.
60. Stephen Weber et al., Afghan Public Opinion Amidst Rising Violence (College Park, MD: Program on International Policy Attitudes, University of Maryland, December 2006), p. 6.
61. U.S. Department of State, In Their Own Words, slides 11 and 12.
62. Presidential Office of National Security, National Threat Assessment 2004 (Kabul: Presidential Office of National Security, April 2004), p. 3.
63. Presidential Office of National Security, National Threat Assessment 2005 (Kabul: Presidential Office of National Security, April 2005), p. 5.
64. European Union and UNAMA, Discussion of Taliban and Insurgency (Kabul: European Union and UNAMA, April 30, 2007), p. 3.
65. Saleh, Strategy of Insurgents and Terrorists in Afghanistan, p.
66. Joint Paper by the Government of Afghanistan, UNAMA, CFC-A, ISAF, Canada, Netherlands, UK, and U.S. Governments, Assessment of Factors Contributing to Insecurity in Afghanistan (Kabul: Government of Afghanistan, 2006), p. 2.
67. Author interview with Dr. Abdullah Abdullah, September 14, 2007.
68. Author interview with Ambassador James Dobbins, May 7, 2008.
69. Loyd, “Corruption, Bribes and Trafficking,” p. 55.
70. Author interview with Ambassador Ronald Neumann, September 7, 2007.
71. Author interview with senior NDS officials, Kabul, Afghanistan, September 22, 2007. The purpose of the interview was to review NDS conclusions on support for the Taliban and other insurgent groups. We reviewed NDS conclusions based on detainee interviews and intelligence reports.
72. Somini Sengupta, “For Afghans, Voting May Be a Life-and-Death Decision,” New York Times, September 16, 2005, p. A10.
73. World Bank, Afghanistan: State Building, Sustaining Growth, and Reducing Poverty, 2004, p. 105.
74. European Union and UNAMA, Discussion of Taliban and Insurgency, p. 4.
Chapter Twelve
1. Author interview with Ambassador Ronald Neumann, April 16, 2008.
2. Author interview with Lieutenant General Karl Eikenberry, October 27, 2007.
3. Author interview with Dr. Abdullah Abdullah, September 14, 2007.
4. Rowan Scarborough, “NATO Shrugs Off Afghan Violence,” Washington Times, March 7, 2006, p. A6.
5. General James L. Jones, USMC (Retired) and Ambassador Thomas R. Pickering, Co-Chairs, Afghanistan Study Group Report: Revitalizing Our Efforts, Rethinking Our Strategies (Washington, DC: The Center for the Study of the Presidency, January 2008), p. 7.
6. General Tommy Franks with Malcolm McConnell, American Soldier (New York: Regan Books, 2004), p. 277.
7. World Bank, Afghanistan At a Glance (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2007), p. 1.
8. International Monetary Fund, Islamic Republic of Afghanistan: Second Review Under the Three-Year Arrangement Under the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility—Staff Report (Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, July 2007), p. 26.
9. World Bank, Afghanistan: Rehabilitating the Telecom Sector (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2006).
10. Secretary of Defense Robert M. Gates, Statement to the House Armed Services Committee, December 11, 2007.
11. Author interview with Abdul Salam Rocketi, September 4, 2006.
12. Pamela Constable, “Gates Visits Kabul, Cites Rise in Cross-Border Attacks,” Washington Post, January 17, 2007, p. A10.
13. The data come from Admiral Michael Mullen, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. See, for example, Ed Johnson, “Gates Wants NATO to Reorganize Afghanistan Mission,” Bloomberg News, December 12, 2007.
14. Antonio Giustozzi, Koran, Kalashnikov, and Laptop: The Neo-Taliban Insurgency in Afghanistan (London: Hurst & Company, 2007), p. 102.
15. The Asia Foundation, Afghanistan in 2006: A Survey of the Afghan People (Kabul: Asia Foundation, 2006), p. 96. Data on regions are courtesy of the Asia Foundation.
16. Memorandum from the Rendon Group to J5 CENTCOM Strategic Effects, Polling Results—Afghanistan Omnibus May 2007, June 15, 2007.
17. ABC News/BBC/ARD Poll, Afghanistan—Where Things Stand (Kabul: ABC News/BBC/ARD Poll, December 2007), p. 12.
18. White House, President Bush Participates in Joint Press Availability with President Karzai of Afghanistan (Washington, DC: White House Office of the Press Secretary, August 6, 2007).
19. Afghanistan National Security Council, National Threat Assessment 2004 (Kabul: Afghanistan National Security Council, April 2004), p. 3.
20. Afghanistan National Security Council, National Threat Assessment 2005 (Kabul: Afghanistan National Security Council, September 2005), p. 4.
21. Afghanistan National Security Council, The National Security Policy: The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (Kabul: Afghanistan National Security Council), p. 10.
22. General Michael V. Hayden, The Current Situation in Iraq and Afghanistan (Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency, 2006), p. 2. The document, which was unclassified, was given to the Senate Armed Services Committee in November 2006.
23. Lieutenant General Michael D. Maples, The Current Situation in Iraq and Afghanistan (Washington, DC: Defense Intelligence Agency, 2006), p. 6. The document, which was unclassified, was given to the Senate Armed Services Committee in November 2006.
24. United Nations Department of Safety and Security, Half-Year Review of the Security Situation in Afghanistan (Kabul: United Nations, August 2007), p. 1.
25. Author interview with Ambassador Ronald Neumann, September 7, 2007.
26. Author interview with Lieutenant General David Barno, September 4, 2007.
27. Author interview with U.S. intelligence operative, March 8, 2009.
28. Jim Landers, “U.S. Should Double Afghan Aid in Elections’ Wake, Envoy Says,” Dallas Morning News, October 29, 2005.
29. See, for example, White House, Request for Fiscal Year 2006 Supplemental Appropriations (Washington, DC: White House, February 16, 2006), p. 63. The State Department was given $43 million for unanticipated requirements in Afghanistan, including $11 million for the subsidy cost of 100 percent debt reduction for Afghanistan. And $32 million went for power-sector projects. This included aid for the replacement of crucial emergency generating equipment, and critical early stage components of the Northeast Transmission Project, a $500 million effort, which was funded primarily by other bilateral and multilateral donors.
30. Author interview with Ambassador Ronald Neumann, September 7, 2007.
31. L. Paul Bremer III, My Year in Iraq: The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006), p. 114.
32. Memo from Ambassador L. Paul Bremer to Secretary Rumsfeld, “Moving Faster: A Problem or Two,” July 7, 2003.
33. John Hamre, Memorandum for the Secretary of Defense and the Administrator, Coalition Provisional Authority, “Preliminary Observations Based on My Recent Visit to Baghdad,” June 2003.
34. Commander British Forces, Counterinsurgency in Helmand: Task Force Operational Design, January 2008, p. 5.
35. Andrew Feickert, U.S. and Coalition Military Operations in Afghanistan: Issues for Congress (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, June 9, 2006), pp. 4–5.
