In the Graveyard of Empires: America's War in Afghanistan

Omnibus May 2007,” June 15, 2007.

54. Asia Foundation, Voter Education Planning Survey: Afghanistan 2004 National Elections (San Francisco: Asia Foundation, 2004).

55. Asia Foundation, A Survey of the Afghan People: Afghanistan in 2006 (San Francisco: Asia Foundation, 2006).

56. Author interview with Ambassador James Dobbins, July 11, 2007.

57. S. Frederick Starr, “Sovereignty and Legitimacy in Afghan Nation-Building,” in Francis Fukuyama, ed., Beyond Afghanistan and Iraq (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006), pp. 107–24; Starr, U.S. Afghanistan Policy: It’s Working (Washington, DC: Central Asia— Caucasus Institute, Johns Hopkins University, 2004).

58. On ideology and insurgency, see, for example, Michael F. Brown and Eduardo Fernandez, War of Shadows: The Struggle for Utopia in the Peruvian Amazon (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), p. 98.

59. Military Teachings: For the Preparation of Mujahideen, n.d. The Taliban manual was leaked to the press in 2007. See, for example, Isambard Wilkinson, “How To Be A Jihadi: Taliban’s Training Secrets,” Daily Telegraph (London), August 16,2007.

60. Trinquier, Modern Warfare, p. 43; Galula, Counterinsurgency Warfare, p. 31.

61. As David Galula argues: “[C]onventional operations by themselves have at best no more effect than a fly swatter. Some guerrillas are bound to be caught, but new recruits will replace them as fast as they are lost.” Galula, Counterinsurgency Warfare, p. 72.

62. Stromseth, Wippman, and Brooks, Can Might Make Rights? pp. 137–40.

Chapter Ten

1. Gary C. Schroen, First In: An Insider’s Account of How the CIA Spearheaded the War on Terror in Afghanistan (New York: Ballantine Books, 2005), p. 358.

2. Amrullah Saleh, Strategy of Insurgents and Terrorists in Afghanistan (Kabul, Afghanistan: National Directorate of Security, May 2006).

3. German Federal Ministry of the Interior (2004), p. 6; Asian Development Bank and World Bank, Afghanistan: Preliminary Needs Assessment for Recovery and Reconstruction (Kabul: Asian Development Bank and World Bank, January 2002), p. 7.

4. German Federal Foreign Office and Federal Ministry of the Interior, Assistance in Rebuilding the Police Force (Bonn: Federal Foreign Office and Federal Ministry of the Interior, 2004), p. 6.

5. Author interview with Jochen Rieso, Training Branch, German Project for Support of the Police in Afghanistan, June 27, 2004.

6. Author interview with senior U.S. official, White House, September 2004. This view was corroborated by multiple interviews with U.S. officials in Washington and Afghanistan in 2004 and 2005.

7. German Federal Foreign Office and Federal Ministry of the Interior, Assistance in Rebuilding the Police Force, p. 3.

8. Letter from Donald Rumsfeld to Jerry Bremer and General John Abizaid (cc to General Dick Myers, Paul Wolfowitz, and Doug Feith), Assistance from Germany, September 29, 2003.

9. Author interviews with members of DynCorp International, Kabul and Gardez, June 2004 and November 2005.

10. Author interview with Interior Minister Ali Jalali, September 4, 2007.

11. Author interview with Lieutenant General David Barno, September 4, 2007.

12. Author interviews with senior U.S. Defense Department official involved in the discussions, August 21 and October 4, 2007.

13. Author interview with Nora Bensahel, May 7, 2008.

14. Author interview with Major General Robert Durbin, January 3, 2008.

15. Central Intelligence Agency, CIA World Factbook 2007 (Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency, 2006). The list included small, poor countries such as East Timor, Djibouti, and Liberia.

16. Author interview with Major General Robert Durbin, January 3, 2008.

17. Author interview with U.S. Army general, Washington, DC, January 10, 2008.

18. Author interviews with members of the Office of Security Cooperation—Afghanistan, Kabul, December 2005.

19. Offices of Inspector General of the Departments of State and Defense, Interagency Assessment of Afghanistan Police Training and Readiness (Washington, DC: Offices of Inspector General of the Departments of State and Defense, 2006), p. 1.

20. Colonel Rick Adams, Police Reform Directorate: Overview—Current Operations and Strategic Initiatives (Kabul: Combined Security Transition Command—Afghanistan, 2006), slide 6.

21. Author interview with Minister Ali Jalali, September 4, 2007; author interviews with Shahmahmood Miakhel, August 29 and September 14, 2007.

22. Author interview with Minister Ali Jalali, September 4, 2007.

23. Atos Consulting, Afghanistan Stabilisation Programme: Summary Project Completion Report (Kabul, Afghanistan: Atos Consulting, May 2007).

24. Combined Security Transition Command—Afghanistan, RC South-ANP Efforts to Increase Security (Kabul: Combined Security Transition Command—Afghanistan, 2006), p. 2.

25. General Barry R. McCaffrey (ret.), Trip to Afghanistan and Pakistan, Memorandum from General McCaffrey to Colonel Mike Meese and Colonel Cindy Jebb, United States Military Academy, June 2006; McCaffrey, Trip to Afghanistan and Pakistan, Memorandum from General McCaffrey to Colonel Mike Meese and Colonel Cindy Jebb, United States Military Academy, February 2007.

26. Combined Security Transition Command—Afghanistan, Better Distribution of Afghan Uniformed Police-Close the Gap” (Kabul: Combined Security Transition Command—Afghanistan, 2006), slide 9.

27. Quoted in Chris Sands, “Bring Back Taliban to End Police Corruption, Say Afghan Truckers,” The Independent (London), May 10, 2007.

28. Author interviews with U.S. and German police officials, Afghanistan, 2004, 2005, 2006, and 2007.

29. Author interview with Minister Ali Jalali, September 4, 2007; author interviews with Shahmahmood Miakhel, August 29 and September 14, 2007.

30. Colonel Rick Adams, Police Reform Directorate: Overview—Current Operations and Strategic Initiatives (Kabul: Combined Security Transition Command—Afghanistan, 2006), slide 16.

31. Transitional Islamic Government of Afghanistan, Securing Afghanistan’s Future: Accomplishments and the Strategic Path Forward, National Police and Law Enforcement (Kabul: Transitional Islamic Government of Afghanistan, January 2004), p. 10.

32. Author interviews with U.S. State and Defense Department officials, 2004, 2005, and 2006.

33. Author interviews with Office of Security Cooperation—Afghanistan officials, Kabul, Afghanistan, November and December 2005.

34. Afghan National Police Program (Kabul: Ministry of Interior, 2005); Barnett R. Rubin, Afghanistan’s Uncertain Transition from Turmoil to Normalcy (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 2006); U.S. Government Accountability Office, Afghanistan Security: Efforts to Establish Army and Police Have Made Progress, but Future Plans Need to Be Better Defined (Washington, DC: GAO, 2005).

35. Government of Germany, Doha II Conference on Border Management in Afghanistan: A Regional Approach (Berlin: Government of Germany, 2006). Also see U.S. Department of State, Border Management Initiative: Information Brief (Kabul: Afghanistan Reconstruction Group, U.S. Department of State, 2005).

36. Ali Jalali, “The Future of Afghanistan,” Parameters, vol. 36, no. 1, Spring 2006, p. 10.

37. Afghan Non-Governmental Organization Security Office, Security Incident—Armed Clash: ANP