Nicholas and Alexandra

Radziwill, Catherine, Nicholas 11: The Last of the Tsars. London, Cassell, 1931.

Riasanovsky, Nicholas V., A History of Russia. Oxford University Press, 1963.

Sacher, Howard M., The Course of Modern Jewish History. Cleveland, World, 1958.

Taper, Bernard, Balanchine. New York, Harper & Row, 1960.

Tuchman, Barbara, The Guns of August. New York, Macmillan, 1962. (Cited in Notes as Tuchman.)

_____, The Proud Tower. New York, Macmillan, 1966.

Tupper, Harmon, To the Great Ocean. Boston, Little, Brown, 1965.

Walworth, Arthur, Woodrow Wilson. Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1965.

Wheeler-Bennett, John, King George VI. New York, St. Martin’s, 1958.

Wilson, Colin, Rasputin and the Fall of the Romanovs. New York, Farrar; Straus, 1964.

Wolfe, Bertram, Three Who Made a Revolution. 2 vols. New York, Time Inc., 1964.

MEDICAL SOURCES

Agle, David P., “Psychiatric Studies of Patients with Hemophilia and Related States,” Archives of Internal Medicine, Vol. 114: 76–82 (July, 1964).

Brinkhous, Kenneth M., editor, Hemophilia and Hemophiloid Diseases. University of North Carolina Press, 1957.

Gun, W. T. J., “Hemophilia in the Royal Caste,” The Eugenics Review, Vol. 29, No. 4: 245–246 (January, 1938).

Haldane, J. B. S., Heredity and Politics. New York, Norton, 1938.

_____, “Sang Royal, Etude de l’Hemophilie dans les familles royales d’Europe,” La Pensee: Revue de rationalisme moderne, Vol. 1, No. 1: 39–51 (Paris, 1939).

Iltis, Hugo, “Hemophilia: ‘The Royal Disease’ and the British Royal Family,” The Journal of Heredity, Vol. 39, No. 4: 113–116 (April, 1948).

Lucas, Oscar, A. Finkelman and L. M. Tocantins, “Management of Tooth Extractions in Hemophiliacs by the Combined Use of Hypnotic Suggestion, Protective Splints and Packing of Sockets,” Journal of Oral Surgery, Anesthesia and Hospital Dental Service, Vol. 20: 34/489–46/500 (November, 1962).

Massie, Robert K., “They Live on Borrowed Blood,” Saturday Evening Post, Vol. 236, No. 7: 32–34 (May 4, 1963).

Mattsson, Ake, and Samuel Gross, “Adaptational and Defensive Behavior in Young Hemophiliacs and Their Parents” and “Social and Behavioral Studies on Hemophilic Children and Their Families” (Unpublished papers delivered at the American Psychiatric Association Meetings, New York, N.Y., May 3–8, 1965).

McKusick, Victor A., “The Royal Hemophilia,” Scientific American, Vol. 213, No. 2: 88–95 (August, 1965).

REFERENCE WORKS

Almanach de Gotha, 1914 edition.

Chujoy, Anatole, The Dance Encyclopedia. New York, A. S. Barnes, 1940.

Duncan, David Douglas, The Kremlin. New York, Graphic Society, 1960.

Gosling, Nigel, Leningrad. New York, Dutton, 1965.

McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Russia and the Soviet Union. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1061.

Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Vol. 9. New York, Universal Jewish Encyclopedia Inc., 1949.

Read on for an excerpt from

Catherine the Great

Portrait of a Woman

by Robert K. Massie

Published by Random House

I

Sophia’s Childhood

PRINCE CHRISTIAN AUGUSTUS of Anhalt-Zerbst was hardly distinguishable in the swarm of obscure, penurious noblemen who cluttered the landscape and society of politically fragmented eighteenth-century Germany. Possessed neither of exceptional virtues nor alarming vices, Prince Christian exhibited the solid virtues of his Junker lineage: a stern sense of order, discipline, integrity, thrift, and piety, along with an unshakable lack of interest in gossip, intrigue, literature, and the wider world in general. Born in 1690, he had made a career as a professional soldier in the army of King Frederick William of Prussia. His military service in campaigns against Sweden, France, and Austria was meticulously conscientious, but his exploits on the battlefield were unremarkable, and nothing occurred either to accelerate or retard his career. When peace came, the king, who was once heard to refer to his loyal officer as “that idiot, Zerbst,” gave him command of an infantry regiment garrisoning the port of Stettin, recently acquired from Sweden, on the Baltic coast of Pomerania. There, in 1727, Prince Christian, still a bachelor at thirty-seven, bowed to the pleas of his family and set himself to produce an heir. Wearing his best blue uniform and his shining ceremonial sword, he married fifteen-year-old Princess Johanna Elizabeth of Holstein-Gottorp, whom he scarcely knew. His family, which had arranged the match with hers, was giddy with delight; not only did the line of Anhalt-Zerbst seem assured, but Johanna’s family stood a rung above them on the ladder of rank.

It was a poor match. There were the problems of difference in age; pairing an adolescent girl with a man in middle age usually stems from a confusion of motives and expectations. When Johanna, of a good family with little money, reached adolescence and her parents, without consulting her, arranged a match to a respectable man almost three times her age, Johanna could only consent. Even more unpromising, the characters and temperaments of the two were almost entirely opposite. Christian Augustus was simple, honest, ponderous, reclusive, and thrifty; Johanna Elizabeth was complicated, vivacious, pleasure-loving, and extravagant. She was considered beautiful, and with arched eyebrows, fair, curly hair, charm, and an exuberant eagerness to please, she attracted people easily. In company, she felt a need to captivate, but as she grew older, she tried too hard. In time, other flaws appeared. Too much gay talk revealed her as shallow; when she was thwarted, her charm soured to irritability and her quick temper suddenly exploded. Underlying this behavior, and Johanna had known this from the beginning, was the fact that her marriage had been a terrible—and was now an inescapable—mistake.

Confirmation first came when she saw the house in Stettin to which her new husband brought her. Johanna had spent her youth in unusually elegant surroundings. Because she was one of twelve children in a family that formed a minor branch of the ducal Holsteins, her father, the Lutheran bishop of Lubeck, had passed her along for upbringing to her godmother, the childless Duchess of Brunswick. Here, in the most sumptuously magnificent court in north Germany, she had become accustomed to a life of beautiful clothes, sophisticated company, balls, operas,