and the Soviet government placed the mission’s future in doubt. Hoover and Haskell disagreed about the duration and tactics of the mission in Russia. In September 1922, the chairman of the All-Russian Famine Relief Committee, Lev Kamenev, announced that the ARA was no longer needed, despite the reports that showed many areas in worse condition than before. Over the next few months, the Soviet government urged the ARA to limit its operations, even though about two million children were added to those eligible for relief in 1922. Several leading Bolsheviks had taken a stronger anti-American stance during the course of the ARA operations, and Lenin was less integrally involved because of illness. The ARA was gradually marginalized and officially disbanded in July 1923, after nearly two years of work. The Soviet govANARCHISM
Villagers in Vaselienka, Samara, kneel in thanks to American Relief Administration inspector George N. McClintock. © UNDERWOOD amp;UNDERWOOD/CORBIS ernment took over feeding its own starving and undernourished population, while also trying to dispel the positive impression the ARA had left among the Russian population. See also: CIVIL WAR OF 1917-1922; FAMINE OF 1921-1922; UNITED STATES, RELATIONS WITH
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Fisher, H. H. (1927). The Famine in Soviet Russia 1919-1923: The Operations of the American Relief Administration. New York: Macmillan. Patenaude, Bertrand M. (2002). The Big Show in Bololand: The American Relief Expedition to Soviet Russia in the Famine of 1921. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Weissman, Benjamin M. (1974). Herbert Hoover and Famine Relief to Soviet Russia: 1921-1923. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press.
Anarchism, derived from the Greek word meaning “without rule,” rose to prominence in the nineteenth century and reached well into the twentieth century as a significant political force in Europe and Russia. Anarchists sought the overthrow of all forms of political rule in the name of a new society of voluntary federations of cooperative associations or syndicates. Anarchism also fought Marxism for revolutionary leadership.
Russian anarchism, in particular, inspired anarchist movements in Russia and Europe. Three Russians were progenitors of modern anarchism: Mikhail Alexsandrovich Bakunin (1814-1876), Petr Alexeyevich Kropotkin (1842- 1921), and Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy (1828-1910). The three, however, were contrasting personalities, each taking different slants on anarchist doctrine. Bakunin
ANDREI ALEXANDROVICH
was ever the firebrand of revolutionary violence in word and deed; Kropotkin the philosophical and scientific propounder of a society based on cooperation and mutual aid; and Tolstoy the proponent of a Christ-inspired anarchism of nonviolence and nonresistance to evil in the sense of not answering another’s evil with evil.
Despite the wide intellectual influence of Kropot-kin and Tolstoy, Bakunin epitomized the strategy of violence to end all political power. Bakunin put the brand on anarchism as a doctrine of violence.
Kropotkin’s followers objected to anarchist factions in Russia that turned to violence and terrorism as their characteristic mode of operation. Among the names they assumed were the Black Banner Bearers, Anarchist Underground, Syndicalists, Makhayevists (followers of Makhaysky), and the Makhnovists (followers of Makhno in the Ukraine).
In the wake of the 1917 revolution, Kropotkin returned to Russia from exile in Europe with high hopes for an anarchist future. Vladimir Lenin’s Bolsheviks soon dashed them. His funeral in 1921 was the last occasion in which the black flag of anarchism was raised in public in Sovietized Russia. The new regime executed anarchist leaders and destroyed their organizations. See also: BAKUNIN, MIKHAIL ALEXANDROVICH; KROPOTKIN, PETR ALEXEYEVICH; TOLSTOY, LEO NIKOLAYEVICH
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Avrich, Paul. (1967). The Russian Anarchists. Princeton, NJ.: Princeton University Press.
Vladimir. Andrei deposed his brother, but in 1282, after learning that Dmitry had returned from abroad and was assembling an army in his town of Pereyaslavl Zalessky, he was forced to ask the khan in Saray for reinforcements. Dmitry, meanwhile, solicited auxiliaries from Nogay, a rival khan, and defeated Andrei. The latter remained hostile. In 1293 he visited the Golden Horde again, and the khan despatched an army, which invaded Suz-dalia and forced Dmitry to abdicate. After Dmitry died in 1294, Andrei became the grand prince of Vladimir. Soon afterward, a coalition of princes challenged his claim to Dmitry’s Pereyaslavl. In 1296 all the princes met in Vladimir and, after refusing to give Pereyaslavl to Andrei, concluded a fragile agreement. Thus, in 1299, when the Germans intensified their attacks against the Nov-gorodians, Andrei refused to send them help because he feared that if he did, the other princes would attack him. In 1300 they rejected his claim to Pereyaslavl at another meeting. Three years later, after appealing to the khan and failing yet again to get the town, he capitulated. Andrei died in Gorodets on July 27, 1304. See also: ALEXANDER YAROSLAVICH; GOLDEN HORDE; NOVGOROD THE GREAT
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Fennell, John. (1983). The Crisis of Medieval Russia 1200-1304. London: Longman. Martin, Janet. (1995). Medieval Russia 980-1584. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
(d. 1304), prince of Gorodets and grand prince of Vladimir (1294-1304).
Andrei Alexandrovich’s father, Alexander Yaroslavich “Nevsky,” gave him Gorodets; after his uncle, Grand Prince Vasily Yaroslavich, died, he also received Kostroma. In 1277, when Andrei’s elder brother, Grand Prince Dmitry, went to Novgorod, Andrei ingratiated himself to Khan Mangu Temir by campaigning with him in the Caucasus. In 1281 Andrei visited the Golden Horde, and Khan Tuda Mangu gave him troops to evict Dmitry from
(d. 1264), grand prince of Vladimir (1249-1252) and progenitor of the princes of Suzdal.
The third son of Yaroslav Vsevolodovich and grandson of Vsevolod Yurevich “Big Nest,” Andrei Yaroslavich survived the Tatar invasion of Suzdalia in 1238. Three years later the Novgorodians rejected him as their prince, but on April 5, 1242, he assisted his elder brother Alexander Yar “Nevsky” in defeating the Teutonic Knights at the famous “battle on the ice” on Lake Chud (Lake Peypus). There is no clear information about Andrei’s activities after their father died and their uncle Svy-atoslav occupied Vladimir in 1247. Andrei may
ANDREI YUREVICH
have usurped Vladimir. In any case, he and Alexander went to Saray separately, evidently to settle the question of succession to Vladimir. But Khan Baty sent them to Mongolia, to the Great Khan in Karakorum. They returned in 1249, Alexander as the grand prince of Kiev and of all Rus, and Andrei as the grand prince of their patrimonial domain of Vladimir. In 1252 Andrei defiantly refused to visit Saray to renew his patent for Vladimir with the new great khan, Mongke, but Alexander went, evidently to obtain that patent for himself. The khan sent troops against Andrei, and they defeated him at Pereyaslavl Zalessky. After he fled to the Swedes, Alexander occupied Vladimir. Later, in 1255, Andrei returned to Suzdalia and was reconciled with Alexander, who gave him Suzdal and other towns. In 1258 he submissively accompanied Alexander to Saray, and in 1259 helped him enforce Tatar tax collecting in Novgorod. Andrei died in Suzdal in 1264. See also: ALEXANDER YAROSLAVICH; BATU; GOLDEN HORDE; VSEVOLOD III
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Fennell, John. (1973). “Andrej Yaroslavic and the Struggle for Power in 1252: An Investigation of the Sources.” Russia Mediaevalis 1:49-62. Fennell, John. (1983). The Crisis of Medieval Russia 1200-1304. London: Longman.
(c. 1112-1174), known as Andrei Yurevich “Bo-golyubsky,” prince of Suzdalia (Rostov, Suzdal, and
