Subliminal

Pleasantness,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105, no. 3 (January 22, 2008): 1050–54.

25. See, for instance, Morten L. Kringelbach, “The Human Orbitofrontal Cortex: Linking Reward to Hedonic Experience,” Nature Reviews: Neuroscience 6 (September 2005): 691–702.

26. M. P. Paulus and L. R. Frank, “Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Activation Is Critical for Preference Judgments,” Neuroreport 14 (2003): 1311–15; M. Deppe et al., “Nonlinear Responses Within the Medial Prefrontal Cortex Reveal When Specific Implicit Information Influences Economic Decision- Making,” Journal of Neuroimaging 15 (2005): 171–82; M. Schaeffer et al., “Neural Correlates of Culturally Familiar Brands of Car Manufacturers,” Neuroimage 31 (2006): 861–65.

27. Michael R. Cunningham, “Weather, Mood, and Helping Behavior: Quasi Experiments with Sunshine Samaritan,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37, no. 11 (1979): 1947– 56.

28. Bruce Rind, “Effect of Beliefs About Weather Conditions on Tipping,” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 26, no. 2 (1996): 137–47.

29. Edward M. Saunders Jr., “Stock Prices and Wall Street Weather,” American Economic Review 83 (1993): 1337–45. See also Mitra Akhtari, “Reassessment of the Weather Effect: Stock Prices and Wall Street Weather,” Undergraduate Economic Review 7, no. 1 (2011), http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/uer/v017/iss1/19.

30. David Hirshleiter and Tyler Shumway, “Good Day Sunshine: Stock Returns and the Weather,” Journal of Finance 58, no. 3 (June 2003): 1009–32.

2. SENSES PLUS MIND EQUALS REALITY

1. Ran R. Hassin et al., eds., The New Unconscious (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 3.

2. Louis Menand, The Metaphysical Club (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2001), 258.

3. Donald Freedheim, Handbook of Psychology, vol. 1 (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2003), 2.

4. Alan Kim, “Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt,” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/wilhelm-wundt/ (2006); Robert S. Harper, “The First Psychology Laboratory,” Isis 41 (July 1950): 158–61.

5. Quoted in E. R. Hilgard, Psychology in America: A Historical Survey (Orlando: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1987), 37.

6. Menand, The Metaphysical Club, 259–60.

7. William Carpenter, Principles of Mental Physiology (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1874), 526 and 539.

8. Menand, The Metaphysical Club, 159.

9. M. Zimmerman, “The Nervous System in the Context of Information Theory,” in Human Physiology, ed. R. F. Schmidt and G. Thews (Berlin: Springer, 1989), 166–73. Quoted in Ran R. Hassin et al., eds., The New Unconscious, 82.

10. Christof Koch, “Minds, Brains, and Society” (lecture at Caltech, Pasadena, CA, January 21, 2009).

11. R. Toro et al., “Brain Size and Folding of the Human Cerebral Cortex,” Cerebral Cortex 18, no. 10 (2008): 2352–57.

12. Alan J. Pegna et al., “Discriminating Emotional Faces Without Primary Visual Cortices Involves the Right Amygdala,” Nature Neuroscience 8, no. 1 (January 2005): 24–25.

13. P. Ekman and W. P. Friesen, Pictures of Facial Affect (Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press, 1975).

14. See http://www.moillusions.com/2008/12/who-says-we-dont-have-barack-obama.html; accessed March 30, 2009. Contact: vurdlak@gmail.com.

15. See, e.g., W. T. Thach, “On the Specific Role of the Cerebellum in Motor Learning and Cognition: Clues from PET Activation and Lesion Studies in Man,” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19 (1996): 411–31.

16. Beatrice de Gelder et al., “Intact Navigation Skills After Bilateral Loss of Striate Cortex,” Current Biology 18, no. 24 (2008): R1128–29.

17. Benedict Carey, “Blind, Yet Seeing: The Brain’s Subconscious Visual Sense,” New York Times, December 23, 2008.

18. Christof Koch, The Quest for Consciousness (Englewood, CO: Roberts, 2004), 220.

19. Ian Glynn, An Anatomy of Thought (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 214.

20. Ronald S. Fishman, “Gordon Holmes, the Cortical Retina, and the Wounds of War,” Documenta Ophthalmologica 93 (1997): 9–28.

21. L. Weiskrantz et al., “Visual Capacity in the Hemianopic Field Following a Restricted Occipital Ablation,” Brain 97 (1974): 709–28; L. Weiskrantz, Blindsight: A Case Study and Its Implications (Oxford: Clarendon, 1986).

22. N. Tsuchiya and C. Koch, “Continuous Flash Suppression Reduces Negative Afterimages,” Nature Neuroscience 8 (2005): 1096–101.

23. Yi Jiang et al., “A Gender- and Sexual Orientation–Dependent Spatial Attentional Effect of Invisible Images,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103, no. 45 (November 7, 2006): 17048–52.

24. I. Kohler, “Experiments with Goggles,” Scientific American 206 (1961): 62– 72.

25. Richard M. Warren, “Perceptual Restoration of Missing Speech Sounds,” Science 167, no. 3917 (January 23 1970): 392–93.

26. Richard M. Warren and Roselyn P. Warren, “Auditory Illusions and Confusions,” Scientific American 223 (1970): 30–36.

27. This study was reported in Warren and Warren, “Auditory Illusions and Confusions” and was referred to in other studies but apparently was never published.

3. REMEMBERING AND FORGETTING

1. Jennifer Thompson-Cannino and Ronald Cotton with Erin Torneo, Picking Cotton (New York: St. Martin’s, 2009); see also the transcript of “What Jennifer Saw,” Frontline, show 1508, February 25, 1997.

2. Gary L. Wells and Elizabeth A. Olsen, “Eyewitness Testimony,” Annual Review of Psychology 54 (2003): 277–91.

3. G. L. Wells, “What Do We Know About Eyewitness Identification?” American Psychologist 48 (May 1993): 553–71.

4. See the project website, http://www.innocenceproject.org/understand/Eyewitness- Misidentification.php.

5. Erica Goode and John Schwartz, “Police Lineups Start to Face Fact: Eyes Can Lie,” New York Times, August 28, 2011. See also Brandon Garrett, Convicting the Innocent: Where Criminal Prosecutors Go Wrong (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011).