6. Thomas Lundy, “Jury Instruction Corner,” Champion Magazine (May– June 2008): 62.
7. Daniel Schacter, Searching for Memory: The Brain, the Mind, and the Past (New York: Basic Books, 1996), 111–12; Ulric Neisser, “John Dean’s Memory: A Case Study,” in Memory Observed: Remembering in Natural Contexts, ed. Ulric Neisser (San Francisco: Freeman, 1982), 139– 59.
8. Loftus and Ketcham, Witness for the Defense.
9. B. R. Hergenhahn, An Introduction to the History of Psychology, 6th ed. (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2008), 348–50; “H. Munsterberg,” in Allen Johnson and Dumas Malone, eds., Dictionary of American Biography, base set (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1928– 36).
10. H. Munsterberg, On the Witness Stand: Essays on Psychology and Crime (New York: Doubleday, 1908).
11. Ibid. For the significance of Munsterberg’s work, see Siegfried Ludwig Sporer, “Lessons from the Origins of Eyewitness Testimony Research in Europe,” Applied Cognitive Psychology 22 (2008): 737–57.
12. For a capsule summary of Munsterberg’s life and work, see D. P. Schultz and S. E. Schultz, A History of Modern Psychology (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2004), 246–52.
13. Michael T. Gilmore, The Quest for Legibility in American Culture (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), 11.
14. H. Munsterberg, Psychotherapy (New York: Moffat, Yard, 1905), 125.
15. A. R. Luria, The Mind of a Mnemonist: A Little Book About a Vast Memory, trans. L. Solotaroff (New York: Basic Books, 1968); see also Schachter, Searching for Memory, 81, and Gerd Gigerenzer, Gut Feelings (New York: Viking, 2007), 21–23.
16. John D. Bransford and Jeffery J. Franks, “The Abstraction of Linguistic Ideas: A Review,” Cognition 1, no. 2–3 (1972): 211–49.
17. Arthur Graesser and George Mandler, “Recognition Memory for the Meaning and Surface Structure of Sentences,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 104, no. 3 (1975): 238–48.
18. Schacter, Searching for Memory, 103; H. L. Roediger III and K. B. McDermott, “Creating False Memories: Remembering Words Not Presented in Lists,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 21 (1995): 803–14.
19. Private conversation, September 24, 2011. See also Christopher Chabris and Daniel Simons, The Invisible Gorilla (New York: Crown, 2009), 66–70.
20. For detailed summaries of Bartlett’s life and his work on memory, see H. L. Roediger, “Sir Frederic Charles Bartlett: Experimental and Applied Psychologist,” in Portraits of Pioneers in Psychology, vol. 4, ed. G. A. Kimble and M. Wertheimer (Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2000), 149–61, and H. L. Roediger, E. T. Bergman, and M. L. Meade, “Repeated Reproduction from Memory,” in Bartlett, Culture and Cognition, ed. A. Saito (London, UK: Psychology Press, 2000), 115–34.
21. Sir Frederick Charles Bartlett, Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1932), 68.
22. Friedrich Wulf, “Beitrage zur Psychologie der Gestalt: VI. Uber die Veranderung von Vorstellungen (Gedachtniss und Gestalt),” Psychologische Forschung 1 (1922): 333–75; G. W. Allport, “Change and Decay in the Visual Memory Image,” British Journal of Psychology 21 (1930): 133–48.
23. Bartlett, Remembering, 85.
24. Ulric Neisser, The Remembering Self: Construction and Accuracy in the Self- Narrative (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 6; see also Elizabeth Loftus, The Myth of Repressed Memory: False Memories and Allegations of Sexual Abuse (New York: St. Martin’s Griffin, 1996), 91–92.
25. R. S. Nickerson and M. J. Adams, “Long-Term Memory for a Common Object,” Cognitive Psychology 11 (1979): 287–307.
26. For example, Lionel Standing et al., “Perception and Memory for Pictures: Single-Trial Learning of 2500 Visual Stimuli,” Psychonomic Science 19, no. 2 (1970): 73–74, and K. Pezdek et al., “Picture Memory: Recognizing Added and Deleted Details,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 14, no. 3 (1988): 468; quoted in Daniel J. Simons and Daniel T. Levin, “Change Blindness,” Trends in the Cognitive Sciences 1, no. 7 (October 1997): 261–67.
27. J. Grimes, “On the Failure to Detect Changes in Scenes Across Saccades,” in Perception, ed. K. Atkins, vol. 2 of Vancouver Studies in Cognitive Science (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), 89–110.
28. Daniel T. Levin and Daniel J. Simons, “Failure to Detect Changes to Attended Objects in Motion Pictures,” Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 4, no. 4 (1997): 501–6.
29. Daniel J. Simons and Daniel T. Levin, “Failure to Detect Changes to People During a Real-World Interaction,” Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 5, no. 4 (1998): 644–48.
30. David G. Payne et al., “Memory Illusions: Recalling, Recognizing, and Recollecting Events That Never Occurred,” Journal of Memory and Language 35 (1996): 261–85.
31. Kimberly A. Wade et al., “A Picture Is Worth a Thousand Lies: Using False Photographs to Create False Childhood Memories,” Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 9, no. 3 (2002): 597– 602.
32. Elizabeth F. Loftus, “Planting Misinformation in the Human Mind: A 30-Year Investigation of the Malleability of Memory,” Learning & Memory 12 (2005): 361–66.
33. Kathryn A. Braun et al., “Make My Memory: How Advertising Can Change Our Memories of the Past,” Psychology and Marketing 19, no. 1 (January 2002): 1–23, and Elizabeth Loftus, “Our Changeable Memories: Legal and Practical Implications,” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 4 (March 2003): 231–34.
34. Loftus, “Our Changeable Memories,” and Shari R. Berkowitz et al., “Pluto Behaving Badly: False Beliefs and Their Consequences,” American Journal of Psychology 121, no. 4 (Winter 2008): 643–60.
35. S. J. Ceci et al., “Repeatedly Thinking About Non-events,” Consciousness and Cognition 3 (1994) 388–407; S. J. Ceci et al, “The Possible Role of Source Misattributions in the Creation of False Beliefs Among Preschoolers,” International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 42 (1994), 304–20.
36. I. E. Hyman and F. J. Billings, “Individual Differences and the Creation of False Childhood Memories,” Memory 6, no. 1 (1998): 1–20.
37. Ira E. Hyman et al, “False Memories of Childhood Experiences,” Applied Cognitive Psychology 9 (1995): 181–97.
