Stalin: A Biography

20. See below, p. 231.

21. Desyatyi s”ezd RKP(b), pp. 201–6 (V. P. Zatonski) and pp. 206–9 (A. I. Mikoyan).

22. Ibid., p. 213.

23. See J. Baberowski, Der Feind ist uberall, p. 163.

24. See below, p. 231 for Stalin’s appendicitis.

25. See G. P. Lezhava, Mezhdu Gruziei i Rossiei, p. 92.

26. See S. Lakoba, Ocherki politicheskoi istorii Abkhazii, pp. 83–4.

27. Ibid., pp. 81–3.

28. I. V. Stalin, Sochineniya, vol. 5, p. 94.

29. Ibid., p. 95.

30. S. Kavtaradze, tsareulis purtsebli, vol. 1, p. 56. D. M. Lang describes the occasion as having been still more tumultuous but omits reference to a source: see A Modern History of Georgia, p. 239. See also S. V. Kharmandar-yan, Lenin i stanovlenie zakavkazskoi federatsii, p. 104, where he cites the personal files of G. A. Galoyan.

31. S. V. Kharmandaryan, Lenin i stanovlenie zakavkazskoi federatsii, p. 85.

32. Tainy natsional’noi politiki RKP(b), especially p. 100.

33. See R. Service, Lenin: A Political Life, vol. 3, p. 291–3.

19. Testament

1. Bol’shevistskoe rukovodstvo. Perepiska, 1912–1927, p. 268: 13 November 1922.

2. V. I. Lenin, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, vol. 45, pp. 343–8.

3. Molotov. Poluderzhavnyi vlastelin, p. 195.

4. V. I. Lenin, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, vol. 45, p. 345.

5. Ibid., pp. 344–5.

6. Ibid., p. 344.

7. V. P. Danilov, ‘Stalinizm i sovetskoe obshchestvo’, p. 170.

8. V. I. Lenin, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, vol. 45, p. 346.

9. ITsKKPSS, no. 4 (1991), p. 188.

10. I am grateful to Francesco Benvenuti, with whom I have discussed this matter for many years, for his persistence in getting me to clarify the interpretation.

11. V. I. Lenin, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, vol. 45, p. 356.

12. Pravda, 25 January 1923.

13. He told Kaganovich this in 1922: Tak govoril Kaganovich, p. 191.

14. Molotov. Poluderzhavnyi vlastelin, p. 283.

15. Dvenadtsatyi s”ezd RKP(b), pp. 164–6.

16. Ibid., p. 821.

17. ITsKKPSS, no. 4 (1991), pp. 179–91.

18. See R. V. Daniels, The Conscience of the Revolution, p. 208.

19. Sochineniya, vol. 6, p. 14.

20. RGASPI, f. 16, op. 2s, d. 39, pp. 16–124.

20. The Opportunities of Struggle

1. See the letter from Dzierzyn ski quoted by S. Lakoba, Ocherki politicheskoi istorii Abkhazii, p. 103.

2. Pravda, 30 January 1924.

3. See N. Tumarkin, Lenin Lives! p. 153.

4. RGASPI, f. 76, op. 3, d. 287, pp. 7 and 19.

5. See Lubyanka. Stalin I VChK–GPU-nOGPU–NKVD. Yanvar’ 1922–dekabr’ 1936, pp. 11–12.

6. See above, p. 188.

7. RGASPI, f. 12, op. 2, d. 41, p. 2.

8. Ibid., p. 3.

9. Ibid., pp. 17, 27 and 38.

10. Ibid., f. 558, op. 1, d. 3112, p. 1.

11. Ibid., f. 17, op. 1, d. 471: letter of A. I. Ulyanova to Stalin, 28 December 1932.

12. Ob osnovakh leninizma in I. V. Stalin, Sochineniya, vol. 6, p. 71.

13. Ibid., pp. 135–7.

14. V. I. Lenin, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, vol. 45, pp. 593–4.

15. Rodina, no. 7 (1994), p. 72.

16. B. Bazhanov, Bazhanov and the Damnation of Stalin, pp. 34–5.

17. See above, p. 26.

18. The exception in this list was Kaganovich, who always used the formal ‘you’ (vy) in conversation and letter, and even in letters would address him as ‘comrade Stalin’: see Stalin i Kaganovich. Perepiska, 1931–1936 gg., passim.

19. See O. Khlevnyuk, Stalin i Ordzhonikidze, pp. 28 and 34–41; R. Service, The Bolshevik Party in Revolution, pp. 106–8.

20. Stalin i Kaganovich. Perepiska, 1931–1936 gg., p. 109.

21. Bol’shevistskoe rukovodstvo. Perepiska, 1912–1927, p. 256.

22. Ibid., p. 263.

23. Tak govoril Kaganovich, p. 35.

24. See R. Service, The Bolshevik Party in Revolution, p. 196.

25. L. Trotsky, Stalin: An Appraisal of the Man and His Influence, p. 22. I have adjusted the translation.

26. W. H. Roobol, Tsereteli: A Democrat in the Russian Revolution, p. 13.

27. See R. Service, The Bolshevik Party in Revolution, p. 196.

28. RGASPI, f. 558, op. 3, d. 93: Stalin’s personal copy of E. Kviring, Lenin, Zagovorshchestvo, Oktyabr’ (Kharkov, 1924).

29. B. Bazhanov, Bazhanov and the Damnation of Stalin, pp. 39–40.

30. Ibid., p. 37.

31. Ibid., p. 57.

32. I. V. Stalin, Sochineniya, vol. 6, pp. 257–8 and vol. 9, pp. 77 and 79. See E. H. Carr, Socialism in One Country, vol. 2, chaps. 11 and 16.

33. See R.V. Daniels, Conscience of the Revolution, p. 254.

21. Joseph and Nadya