Stalin: A Biography

Roosevelt, Franklin D.: condemns Nazi atrocities; Stalin entertains; meets Stalin at Tehran; broadcasts; cooperation with Stalin; Churchill meets; agrees wartime supplies to USSR; relations with Stalin; and post-war European settlement; at Yalta conference; requests United Nations Organisation; death; and prospective capture of Berlin; commitments to Stalin

Rozanov, Vladimir

Rudzutak, Yan

Rukhimovich, Moisei

Russia (post-1991): conditions; see also Soviet Union

Russian Bureau of Central Committee: differences in; Stalin admitted to; welcomes return of Lenin

Russian Empire: national question in; in First World War; popular unrest in; and sense of nationhood; see also Provisional Government

Russian language: honoured; Stalin’s views on

Russian Orthodox Church: attacked; maintains some autonomy; restrictions relaxed in war; post-war position

Russian Social-Democratic Workers’ Party: in Georgia; Iskra campaigns for; and ethnic considerations; Second Party Congress (Brussels and London, 1903); and popular unrest (1905); Third Party Congress (London, 1905); Fourth Party Congress (Stockholm, 1905); Fifth Party Congress (London, 1907); Bolshevik-Menshevik differences in; leaders return to Switzerland; membership numbers; Mensheviks excluded; new Central Committee formed

Russian Socialist Federal Republic

(RSFSR): Constitution; within Soviet federation; lacks own communist party; and Leningrad ambitions

Russians (ethnic): elevated; Stalin honours at war’s end

Russo-Japanese War (1904–5)

Rustaveli, Shota; Knight in the Panther’s Skin

Ryazanov, David

Rybin, A.I.

Rykov, Alexei: and Democratic State Conference; membership of Sovnarkom; Lenin proposes promoting; attacks Stalin; Stalin offers resignation to; supports Bukharin’s agrarian policy; Stalin proposes dismissing; Stalin vilifies; reprimanded; tried

Ryutin, Maremyan,

St Petersburg (sometime Petrograd; Leningrad): massacre (1905); Stalin operates in; renamed Petrograd; industrial unrest in (February 1917); Soviet; between February and October revolutions; protest demonstration (July 1917); in October Revolution; renamed Leningrad; NKVD purges in; Germans threaten and besiege; supposed conspiracy; local patriotism in

Sakhalin

Samoilov, F.

Saturn, Operation

Schmidt sisters: legacies to Russian Social-Democratic Workers’ Party

Schulenburg, Count Friedrich Werner von der

science: controlled by Stalin

‘scissors crisis’

Sebag-Montefiore, Simon

‘second front’

Serebryakov, Leonid

Sergeev, Artem (Stalin’s adopted son)

Sergei, Acting Patriarch

Shakhty coal mine, Don Basin

Shamil (Islamist rebel)

Shaumyan, Stepan

Shepilov, D.T.

Shevchenko, Taras

Shlyapnikov, Alexander

Shneidorovich, Dr M.G.

Sholokhov, Mikhail

Shostakovich, Dmitri

show trials; in post-war eastern Europe

Shreider, A.

Shumyatski, Boris

Shvernik, Nikolai

Siberia: grain supplies from; see also Turukhansk District

Simonov, Konstantin

Siqueiros, David Alfaro

Sklarska Poreba, Poland

Skobelev, Mikhail

Skrypnik, Mykola

Slansky, Rudolf

Slovakia: reparations to USSR

Smilga, Ivan

Smirnov, A.P.

Smirnov, Ivan

Smolny Institute, Petrograd

Smyrba, Hashim

Snesarev, Andrei

Sochi

Social-Federalists

socialism: as Marxist ideal

‘socialism in one country’

Socialist-Revolutionaries: ridicule Stalin; little appeal in Caucasus; leaders return to Switzerland; oppose Kerenski; and Democratic State Conference; support Provisional Government; walk out from Second Congress of Soviets; as potential rivals; arrested and sentenced

Sokolnikov, Grigori

Solomin, V.G.

Solvychegodsk

Sorge, Richard

Sotsial-Demokrat (newspaper)

Souvarine, Boris

Soviet Union: isolation; federal structure; title adopted (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics); and threat of outside intervention; and autonomous republics; economic development; modernity in; citizens’ rights in; Constitutions: (1924); (1936); and nationhood; political patronage and cliental groups; excluded from League of Nations; foreign policy; armaments production; USA recognises; non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany (1939); Winter War with Finland; Hitler plans to attack; Germans invade (Operation Barbarossa); German conquests and advance in; wartime scorched-earth policy; wartime economic organisation and production; Western Allies support for; wartime refugees in; national anthem; patriotism emphasised; Western Allies’ supplies to; victory over Germany; post-war power; human and material losses in war; post-war regime and repressions; devaluation and economic regeneration; student unrest in; post-war relations with Western Allies; and beginnings of Cold War; and Western containment policy; develops nuclear weapons; corruption and maladministration in; hostility to West; foreign influences excluded; reforms after Stalin’s death; collapse (1991); totalitarianism in; see also Russia (post-1991)

Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies (Petrograd)