God's War: A New History of the Crusades

58. Housley, Religious Warfare, pp. 195–7.

59. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 343–5, 351–2, 362–7.

60. R. C. Schwoebel, The Shadow of the Crescent: The Renaissance Image of the Turk (Nieuwkoop 1967); J. W. Bohnstedt, The Infidel Scourge of God: The Turkish Menace as Seen by German Pamphleteers of the Reformation Era, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society (Philadelphia 1968), 1–58; M. J. Heath, Crusading Commonplaces (Geneva 1986); Tyerman, Invention of the Crusades, pp. 100–109.

61. G. Burnet, History of the Reformation, ed. E. Nares (London 1830), iv, 32.

62. R. Holinshed, Chronicles of England and Ireland (1587, reprint London 1808–9), iii, 262–4.

63. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, p. 137 and refs. note 18.

64. Albert von Beham und Regesten Papst Innocenz IV, ed. C. Hofler (Stuttgart 1847), pp. 16–17.

65. Above, note 44.

66. Above, notes 41–2, for Hostiensis; for Lille, Lois et coutumes de la ville de Lille, ed. E. B. J. Brun-Lavainne and J. Roisin (Lille 1842), pp. 308–9; for Florence, F. Cardini, ‘Crusade and “Presence of Jerusalem” in Medieval Florence’, Outremer, ed. Kedar et al., p. 341.

67. Epistolae Saeculi XIII, ed. Pertz and Roderberg pp. 161–2. no. 214.

68. Tyerman, Invention of the Crusades, p. 33 and note 9; cf. Mezieres’s Songe du Vieil Pelerin.

69. Trans. Housley, Documents, pp. 31–5.

70. C. J. Tyerman, Fighting for Christendom (Oxford 2004), esp. pp. 183–9; idem, England and the Crusades, chap. 12; Housley, Religious Warfare, passim (see index under ‘antemurale Christianitatis’ and ‘national feeling’).

71. In 1089 regarding Tarragona south of Barcelona; see trans. and ref. O’Callaghan, Reconquest, p. 31.

72. Cardini, ‘“Presence of Jerusalem”’, passim; Housley, Later Crusades, pp. 107–8; idem, Religious Warfare, pp. 30–31, 80–83.

73. James is lauded in contemporary sources such as Ambroise and the Itinerarium and appears in thirteenth-century exempla; for Longspee above, pp. 793–4.

74. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, p. 327 and refs. notes 7 and 8.

75. Annales Regis Edwardi Primi, a St Alban’s fragment printed in William Rishanger, Chronica, ed. H. T. Riley, Rolls Series (London 1865), p. 439; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 332–3 and refs. note 30.

76. Bibliotheque nationale de France, ms Fr. 2628, fol. 328.

77. Trans. Housley, Religious Warfare, p. 27.

78. Trans. Housley, Documents, pp. 132–3.

79. C. J. Tyerman, ‘Holy War, Roman Popes, and Christian Soldiers: Some Early Modern Views on Medieval Christendom’, The Medieval Church: Universities, Heresy and the Religious Life, ed. P. Biller and R. B. Dobson (Woodbridge 1999), esp. pp. 301–5.

80. Rotuli Parliamentorum (London 1767–77), ii, 362; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, esp. 326–33 for what follows.

81. Cf. A. K. McHardy, ‘Liturgy and Propaganda during the Hundred Years War’, Studies in Church History, 18, ed. S. Mews (Oxford 1982), 215–27; W. R. Jones, ‘The English Church and Propaganda during the Hundred Years War’, Journal of British Studies, 19 (1979), 18–30.

82. Froissart, Chronicles, i, 756.

83. Gesta Henrici Quinti, ed. F. Taylor and J. S. Roskell (Oxford 1975), p. 79.

84. Taylor and Roskell, Gesta Henrici Quinti, pp. 101–13.

85. J. Le Goff, La Civilisation de l’Occident medieval (Paris 1964), p. 98; but cf. M. Balard’s very brief summary, ‘Notes on the Economic Consequences of the Crusades’, Experience of Crusading, ii, ed. Edbury and Phillips, pp. 233–9.

86. In general, Leopold, How to Recover the Holy Land, Housley, Later Crusades, chap. 13; more interesting, the brilliantly original P. Biller, The Measure of Multitude (Oxford 2000), Part 2, ‘The Map of the World’; cf. Tzanaki, Mandeville’s Audiences.

87. Hayton, Flos historiarum terre orientis, RHC Arm., ii, 113– 363; Pierre Dubois, De Recuperatione Terrae Sanctae, ed. C. V. Langlois (Paris 1891), trans. W. Brandt, The Recovery of the Holy Land (New York 1956).

88. In general, Muldoon, Popes, Lawyers and Infidels.

89. Trans. Housley, Documents, pp. 169–73; for Columbus’s increasingly messianic mentality and some of its cultural context, A. Milhou, Colon y su mentalidad mesianica (Valladolid 1983).

90. C. Colon, Los cuatro viages del admirante y su testamento (Madrid 1964), pp. 213–14.

91. M. H. Letts, Mandeville’s Travels: Text and Translations, Hakluyt Society, vols. 101–2 (London 1953), ii, 332.

92. Letts, Mandeville’s Travels, ii, 334; cf Tzanaki, Mandeville’s Audiences, p. 90, and for circumnavigation, pp. 88–91.

Select Further Reading

This is far from an exhaustive bibliography, merely an indicative one, primarily of obvious sources and secondary works in English. For more detailed pursuit of the subject, the notes should be consulted.

General

Sources

J. Bedier, Les Chansons de croisade (Paris 1909)

J. Brundage, The Crusades: A Documentary Survey (Milwaukee 1962)

F. Gabrieli, Arab Historians of the Crusades (London 1984)

J and L. Riley-Smith, The Crusades: Idea and Reality (London 1981)

Secondary

M. Barber, The New Knighthood: A History of the Order of the Temple (Cambridge 1994)

J. Brundage, Medieval Canon Law and the Crusader (Madison 1969)

K. Erdmann, The Origin of the Idea of the Crusade, trans. M. W. Baldwin and W. Goffart (Princeton 1977)

J. Flori, La Guerre sainte (Paris 2001)