God's War: A New History of the Crusades

(Aldershot 2004)

Secondary

A. S. Atiya, The Crusade in the Later Middle Ages (London 1938)

M. Barber, The Trial of the Templars (Cambridge 1978)

N. Housley, The Italian Crusades (Oxford 1982)

N. Housley, The Avignon Papacy and the Crusades 1305–78 (Oxford 1986)

N. Housley, The Later Crusades (Oxford 1992)

N. Housley, Religious Warfare in Europe 1400–1536 (Oxford 2002)

N. Housley (ed.), Crusading in the Fifteenth Century (Basingstoke 2004)

C. Imber, The Ottoman Empire 1300–1481 (Istanbul 1990)

A. Leopold, How to Recover the Holy Land (Aldershot 2000)

A. Linder, Raising Arms: Liturgy in the Struggle to Liberate Jerusalem in the Late Middle Ages (Turnhout 2003)

D. Nicol, The Last Centuries of Byzantium 1261–1453 (London 1972)

J. Paviot, Les Ducs de Bourgogne, la croisade et l’Orient (Paris 2003)

S. Runciman, The Fall of Constantinople (Cambridge 1965)

K. Setton, The Papacy and the Levant 1204–1571 (Philadelphia 1971–84)

Select List of Rulers

Papacy

Gregory VII 1073–85

(Anti-pope Clement 1080–1100)

Victor III 1086–7

Urban II 1088–99

Paschal II 1099–1118

Gelasius II 1118–19

Calixtus II 1119–24

Honorius II 1124–30

Innocent II 1130–43

(Anti-pope Anacletus 1130–38)

Celestine II 1143–4

Lucius II 1144–5

Eugenius III 1145–53

Anastasius IV 1153–4

Hadrian IV 1154–9

Alexander III 1159–81

Lucius III 1181–5

Urban III 1185–7

Gregory VIII 1187

Clement III 1187–91

Celestine III 1191–8

Innocent III 1198–1216

Honorius III 1216–27

Gregory IX 1227–41

Celestine IV 1241

Innocent IV 1243–54

Alexander IV 1254–61

Urban IV 1261–4

Clement IV 1265–8

Gregory X 1271–6

Innocent V 1276

Hadrian V 1276

John XXI 1276–7

Nicholas III 1277–80

Martin IV 1281–5

Honorius IV 1285–7

Nicholas IV 1288–92

Celestine V 1294

Boniface VIII 1294–1303

Benedict XI 1303–4

Clement V 1305–14

John XXII 1316–34

Benedict XII 1334–42

Clement VI 1342–52

Innocent VI 1352–62

Urban V 1362–70

Gregory XI 1370–78

Urban VI 1378–89

(Avignon Clement VII 1378–94)

Boniface IX 1389–1404

(Avignon Benedict XIII 1394–1423)

Innocent VII 1404–6

Gregory XII 1406–15

Alexander V 1409–10

John XXIII 1410–15

Martin V 1417–31

Eugenius IV 1431–47

(Anti-pope Felix V 1439–49)

Nicholas V 1447–55

Calixtus III 1455–8

Pius II 1458–64

Paul II 1464–71

Sixtus IV 1471–84

Innocent VIII 1484–92

Alexander VI 1492–1503

Pius III 1503

Julius II 1503–13

Leo X 1513–21

Hadrian VI 1522–3

Clement VII 1523–34

Paul III 1534–49

Julius III 1550–55

Marcellus II 1555

Paul IV 1555–9

Germany