The Whisperers

as ‘counter-revolutionary’, 579

crimes, exposure, 538, 575, 593–6, 597–9, 614, 615, 646

criticism of, 154, 263, 446, 460

cult, 162, 270, 296, 341, 342, 433, 434, 461, 477, 527, 560–61

death (1953), 496, 522– 30, 524, 547

as Defence Commissar, 386, 422

and Doctors’ Plot, 521

economic policy, 5, 72, 73–4, 187

evacuates government to Kuibyshev (1941), 392

executions, 234, 238–9, 248, 311

family policy, 161&n, 162

on father’s guilt, 295&n

fear of war (1937–9), 235–6, 371, 372

and forced labour, 112, 467

foreign policy (1930s), 229–30, 236

game-playing, 508

German invasion, unpreparedness for, 381, 383, 384– 5

‘great break’, 84

and Gulag system, 468, 526

industrialization, forced, 81, 83, 111, 113, 165, 564, 565

innocent victims, 275, 279, 599

and JAFC, 494

and Japan, 236, 371

and Jews, 493, 515, 518, 519, 521

and Kirov murder, 236&n, 264

and Komsomol, 30, 376

on Kondratiev, 224

and Kosaryov, 376

‘kulaks’, war against, 82, 84, 86, 87, 240

leadership destabilized (mid 30

s), 153–5

and Leningrad, 465, 488

loyalty, rewarding, 14, 153, 159, 165, 265

mass arrests, review (1939), 279

Moscow, support for (1941), 393

and Moscow Reconstruction, 149, 150, 151

Nazi-Soviet Pact (1939), 372, 373, 374, 381

and NEP, 72, 73, 508

nostalgia for, 641–4

opposition to, 197, 219, 230, 237, 253, 264, 461, 462–3, 551

Order Number 270, 411

Order Number 227 (‘Not One Step Backwards!’), 413, 414

paranoic fear of ‘enemies’, 154–5, 236

and peasants, 84

and Piatakov, 34

and Piatnitsky, 231&n

and Poles, 240–41

post-war political clampdown, 464–6, 487

on private property, 158

and ‘reforging’, 193

reputation, 605

and resistance to Communism, 191

rise, 71