portraits of the French aristocracy.
After the revolution of 1870 Courbet joined the short-lived Paris Commune, and took part in the commission that decreed the dismantling of the Colonne Vendome. For this he was sentenced under the Third Republic to six months in prison, which he spent in painting still lifes of extraordinary clarity and simplicity and landscapes from photographs. Later he was charged a huge sum for rebuilding the monument, fled to Switzerland, and died in exile, his belongings were sold by the authorities to pay the debt.
Make sure you know how to pronounce the following words:
Courbet; Paris Commune; Switzerland; Ornans; mountainous: subsidiary; pavilion; exile; France; obscure; escarpment; extraordinary; catalogue; amateur; requirements; dehumanising; region
The Pavilion of Realism – «Павильон реализма»
The Universal Exposition – Всемирная выставка
Office for the Dead – заупокойная служба
1. Courbet favoured Neo-classicism.
2. Courbet's art embodied the High Renaissance ideals.
3. Courbet's pictures dealt with historical events.
4. Goya had a strong impact on Courbet's works of art.
5. A special shed for a large exhibition of Courbet's paintings was called The Pavilion of Realism.
6. Courbet set forth the principles of his art in a special monograph.
1. How was Gustav Courbet characterised? What did he determine to create when he came to Paris? What were Courbet's ideas concerning art? What paintings did the Parisian public favour at that time?
2. What subjects did Courbet prefer to paint? Did the public understand
3. What Courbet's work of art fulfilled his requirements for true history painting? What does it represent? What does the arrangement of the figures recall? What did Courbet want to express by placing the figures within these landscape limits? How did Courbet paint the faces? What makes this canvas one of the strongest and noblest works of all French painting?
4. What happened in 1855? What is depicted in
5. What did Courbet do during and after the revolution of 1870? Why was Courbet imprisoned? What did Courbet do when he was in prison?
6. What happened to Courbet later in life?
III. i. Give Russian equivalents of tlie following phrases:
to remain obscure; the representation of objects; a champion of working-class rights; to embody the ideas; to reject history painting; the paintings are concerned with events of; to practise as an amateur; dehumanising labour; to lay paint on with a palette knife; the inescapable end; an ordinary inhabitant; altar boys; pallbearers; the parish priest; simple dignity; sculptural density recalling the prophets; in exile; the rocky escarpment; a parable from the Gospels.
ii. Give English equivalents of the following phrases:
оставаться в тени; отвергать историческую живопись; изложить принципы реализма; скалистая стена; в ссылке; скульптурная масса, напоминающая пророков; неизбежный конец; приходской священник; евангельская притча; защитник прав рабочего класса; простой деревенский житель; изображение предметов; поддерживающий концы покрова (на похоронной процессии); мальчик, прислуживающий в алтаре; наносить краску шпателем; воплотить идеалы реализма.
a) escarpment; extraordinary; amateur; betray; destiny; to decree; dismantle;
b) non-professional; fate; exceptional; wall; reveal; break down; to announce.
IV. Here are descriptions of some of Courbet's works of art. Match them up to the titles given below.
1. The artist placed himself in the centre, at work on a completely visible landscape.
2. The inescapable end of an ordinary inhabitant of the village is represented with sober realism.
3. The simplicity of this relief-like composition is deeply classical.
a. The Stone Breakers
b. The Studio: A Real Allegory Concerning Seven Years of My Artistic Life
c. A Burial at Ornans
V. Translate the text into English.
Становление критического реализма связано с именем Гюстава Курбе. Он приехал в Париж в 1840, чтобы «завоевать его». В 1842 г. художник дебютировал в Салоне. Курбе обращался к темам труда и нищеты. В картине «Каменотесы» выражено сочувствие к доле смирившихся со своей судьбой людей.
Во время революции 1848 г. Курбе подружился с некоторыми будущими участниками Парижской Коммуны. После разгрома революции Курбе уехал в родные места, в Орнан, где создал прекрасные живописные произведения.
Самая крупная работа Курбе – «Похороны в Орнане» Это монументальное произведение на современный сюжет. Курбе передал типичное через индивидуальное. Картина «Похороны в Орнане» считается одним из лучших произведений классического европейского искусства.
В 1855 г., когда Курбе не был принят на Всемирную выставку, он открыл свою экспозицию в деревянном бараке, названном «Павильоном Реализма» и предпослал ей каталог, в котором изложил свои принципы реализма. Декларация Курбе вошла в искусство как программа реализма. В этом же году Курбе создал программное произведение «Ателье», посвященное проблеме места художника в обществе.
Курбе принимал активное участие в Парижской Коммуне. Последние годы художник жил в изгнании, в Швейцарии.
VI. Summarize the text.
VII. Topics for discussion.
1. Realism in art.
2. Courbet's mode of life and work.
3. Courbet's revolutionary art.
Unit X Manet (1823 -1883)
Edouard Manet came from a well-to-do Parisian family. The young Manet was trained for a naval career, but then permitted to enter the studio of the conservative painter Thomas Couture, where he received thorough training. Trips to Italy, the Netherlands, Germany and Austria in the 1850s brought him into contact with the work of the Old Masters, through careful coping. He was particularly impressed by the optical art and brilliant brushwork of Velazquez, whose work he saw during a brief visit to Spain in 1865. He also admired Goya and Courbet.
In 1863 Manet exhibited at the Salon des Refuses a canvas entitled
