18
Harry Harlow,
19
Jane van Lawick-Goodall, ‘The behavior of Free-living Chimpanzees in the Gombe Stream Reserve,’ Anim. Behav. Monogr. I: 161-311, 1968
20
In 1973, Konrad Lorenz and Nikolaas Tinbergen shared a Nobel Prize for these and other discoveries.
21
There also is some evidence that imprinting resembles addiction. For example, Jaak Panksepp’s [1988] experiments suggest that separation-distress may be similar to pain, because it is relieved by opiods. Howard Hoffman [1994] speculates that an object can become an Imprimer when certain aspects of its motion or shape arouse an innate mechanism that releases endorphins in the imprintee’s brain, and he conjectures that the resulting feelings of pleasure or comfort then somehow cause the object to be classified as ‘familiar’ enough to overcome other fearful reactions. In §9-x-Pleasure I’ll suggest that such feelings may play a somewhat less direct role.
22
Y. Spencer-Booth and R. A. Hinde,
23
S. Seay, 1964
24
[See Chapter 4 of
25
For example, see Charles A. Nelson’s article at http://www.biac.duke.edu/education/courses/spring03/cogdev/readings/C.A.%20Nelson%20(2001).pdf
26
Francesca Acerra, Yves Burnod and Scania de Schonen, http://www.dice.ucl.ac.be/Proceedings/esann/esannpdf/es1999-22.pdf
27
Meltzoff and Moore (1977) appear to have shown that infants can imitate lip protrusion, mouth opening, tongue protrusion, and finger movement. See http://ilabs.washington.edu/meltzoff/pdf/97Meltzoff_Moore_FacialImit.pdf
28
“Studies in Animal and Human Behaviour,” Vol I, p. 132, Harvard Univ. Press, 1970
29
Multiple attachments are reported in Schaffer, H.R. and Emerson P.E. (1964)
30
31
