30. Is that a flower?
31. This man is an engineer.
32. That woman is my sister.
33. This child is my son.
34. That goose is big.
35. This mouse is white.
36. This man is a doctor.
37. That woman is my cousin. She is a teacher
38. That girl is my niece. She is a pupil.
39. This girl has a blue sweater.
40. This boy has a good coat.
41. My uncle has a large flat.
42. There is a table in the room.
43. I have a good pen. My pen is in my pocket.
44. There is a flower in the vase.
45. This child's foot is sore.
Answer he questions.
1. What is the respiratory system structurally adopted?
2. What does the respiratory system transfer?
3. What are the most major lung functions?
4. What do we breath in?
5. What do we breath out?
6. How is the oxygen delivered to the organs?
7. How is oxygen delivered to the organs?
8. What is metabolism?
9. What are the functional components?
10. What do cell types include?
Make the sentences of your own using the new words (10 sentences).
Find plural and single in the text.
Find one word, which is a little bit different in meaning from others (найдите одно слово, которое немного отличается от других по смыслу):
1. a) palm; b) blood; c) vessel;
2. a) leg; b) tissue; c) metabolism;
3. a) airways; b) alveoli; c) arm;
4. a) intestines; b) cell; c) membrane;
5. a) oxygen; b) breath; c) carbon.
ЛЕКЦИЯ № 24. Lung volumes and capacities
Lung volumes – there are four lung volumes, which when added together, equal the maximal volume of the lungs. Tidal volume is the volume of one inspired or expected normal breath (average human = = 0,5 L per breath). Inspiratory reserve volume is the volume of air that can be inspired in excess of the tidal volume. Expiratory reserve volume is the extra an that can be expired after a normal tidal expiration.
Residual volume is the volume of gas that re lungs after maximal expiration (average human = 1,2 L).
Lung capacities are comprised of two or more of the lung volumes. Total lung capacity is the volume of gas that can be con tained within the maximally inflated lungs (average human = 6 L).
Vital capacity is the maximal volume that can be expelled after maximal inspiration (average human = 4,8 L).
Functional residual capacity is the volume remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal tidal expiration (average luman = 2,2 L).
Inspiratory capacity is the volume that can be taken into the lungs after maximal inspiration following expiration of a normal breath. Residual volume can not be directly measured by spirometry. Because FRC and TLC include the residual capacity, they can not be directly measured by spirometry either. Helium dilution techniques are used to determine these capacities. A forced vital capacity is obtained when a subject inspires maximally and then exhales as forcefully and as completely as possible. The forced expiratory volume (FEV1) is the volume of air exhaled in the first second. Typically, the FEV1 is approximate 80% of the FVC. In obstructive lung diseases, such as bronchial asthma, the FEV1 is reduced much more that the FVC, producing a to FEV1 / FVC. In restrictive lung diseases, such as pulmonary fibro-sis, both the FEV1, and the FVC are reduced. This characteristically produces a normal or increased FEV1/ FVC.
GAS LAWS AS APPLIED TO RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY: Dalton's Law: In a gas mixture, the pressure exerted by each gas is independent of the pressure exerted by the other gases.
A consequence of this is as follows: partial pressure = total pressure x fractional concentration. This equation can be used to determine the partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere. Assuming that the total pressure (or barometric pressure, PB) is atmospheric pressure at sea level (760 mmHg) and the fractional concentration of O2 is 21%, or 0,21: P02 = 760 mmHg ч 0,21 = 160 mmHg. As air moves into the airways, the partial pressures of the vari ous gases in atmospheric air are reduced because of the addi tion of water vapor (47 mmHg). Henry's Law states that the concentration of a gas dissolved in liquid is proportional to its partial pressure and its solubility coef ficient (Ks). Thus, for gas X, [X] = Ks ч Px
Fick's Law states that the volume of gas that diffuses across a barrier per unit time is given by:
Vgas = YxDx(P1 – P2)
where A and T are the area and thickness of the barrier, P1 and P2 are the partial pressures of the gas on either side of the barrier and D is the diffusion constant of the gas. D is directly proportional to the solubility of the gas and inversely proportional to the square root of its molecular weight.
New words
lung – легкое
volume – объем
equal – равный
the maximal – максимальный
tidal – вдыхаемый и выдыхаемый
inspired – вдохновленный
expected – ожидаемый
normal – нормальный
breath – дыхание
average – среднее число
human – человек
reserve – зарезервировать
residual – oстаточный
helium – гелий
dilution – растворение
techniques – методы
to be used to – использовать
to determine – определять
capacities – возможности
Поставьте слова в следующих предложениях во множественное число.
1. This room is very large.
2. There is a match in the box.
3. Has this lady a knife?
4. There is a man and a woman in the street.
5. This lady is that gen tleman's wife.
