6. This shoe is too large for my foot.
7. The child is sitting on a bench.
8. My tooth is white.
9. This key is made of steel.
10. A potato is a vegetable and a cherry is a fruit.
11. This is my friend's study.
12. What is that child's name?
13. The cat has caught a mouse.
14. There was a lady, a gentleman, a boy and a girl in the room.
15. In the farm-yard we could see an ox, a sheep, a cow and a goose.
16. Is worker an Englishman or a German?
17. He is a Frenchman.
18. Why don't you eat this potato?
19. This strawberry is still green.
20. The withered leaf has fallen to the ground.
21. Can you see a bird in that tree?
22. Does your tooth still ache?
23. I held up my foot to the fire to warm it.
24. His child studies very well.
25. This man works at the office.
26. There is a new house in our street.
27. This story is very interesting.
28. I have hurt the foot.
29. The wolf has been shot.
30. He keeps his toy in a box.
31. Put this knife on that table.
32. I see a pupil.
Притяжательный падеж существительных / (Possessive case)
The child's toys – The children's toys
The boy's books – The boys' books
Перефразируйте следующие словосочетания и предложения, употребляя притяжательный падеж.
1. The room of my friend.
2. The questions of my daughter.
3. The wife of my brother.
4. The table of our teacher.
5. The poems of Shakespeare.
6. The voice of this girl.
7. The new club of the workers.
8. The letter of Pete.
9. The car of my parents.
10. The life of this woman.
Answer the questions.
1. How many lung volumes are there?
2. Are the lung volumes added together?
3. How can inspiratory reserve volume be inspired?
4. Can inspiratiry reserve volume be expired after a normal tidal expiration?
5. What is residual volume?
6. How are lungs capacities be composed?
7. Is vital capacity the maximal volume?
8. What is the functional residual capacity?
9. What is the inspiratory capacity?
10. Can residual volume be directly measured by spirometry?
Make the sentences of your own using the new words (10 sentences).
Make your own sentences using possessive case (10 sentences).
Find one word, which is a little bit different in meaning from others (найдите одно слово, которое немного отличается от других по смыслу):
1. a) volume; b) head; c) lung;
2. a) air; b) breathing; c) hot;
3. a) stomach; b) bronchi; c) lungs;
4. a) nose; b) trachea; c) finger;
5. a) eye; b) alveoli; c) bronchi.
ЛЕКЦИЯ № 25. Ventilation
Total ventilation (VT, minute ventilation) is the total gas flow into the lungs per minute. It is equal to the tidal volume (VT) x the respiratory rate (n). Total ventilation is the sum of dead space ventilation and alveolar ventilation.
Anatomic dead space is equivalent to the volume of the conducting airways (150 mL in normal individuals), i. e., the trachea and bronchi up to and including the terminal bronchioles. Gas exchange does not occur here. Physiologic dead space is the volume of the respiratory tract that does not participate in gas exchange. It includes the anatomic dead space and partially functional or nonfunctional alveoli (e. g., because of a pulmonan embolus preventing blood supply to a region of alveoli). In normal individuals, anatomic and physiologic dead space are approximately equal. Physiologic dead space can greatly exceed anatomic dead space in individuals with lung disease.
Dead space ventilation is the gas flow into dead space per minute. Alveolar ventilation is the gas flow entering functional alveoli per minute.
Alveolar ventilation: It is the single most important parameter of lung function. It cannot be measured directly. It must be adequate for removal of the CO2 produced by tissue metabolism whereas the partial pressure of inspired O2 is 150 mmHg, the partial pressure of O2 in the alveoli is typically 100 mmHg because of the displacement of O2 with CO2. PAo2 cannot be measured directly.
New words
total – общее количество
ventilation – вентиляция
flow – поток
per minute – в минуту
equal – равный
the conducting – проведение
airways – воздушные пути
exchange – обмен
tract – трактат
to be measured – быть измеренным
directly – непосредственно
displacement – смещение
Перефразируйте следующие словосочетания и предложения, употребляя притяжательный падеж.
1. The handbags of these women.
2. The flat of my sister is large.
3. The children of my brother are at home.
4. The room of the boys is large.
