Members of the Constituent Assembly
Krug
Cossack assembly
kulak
capitalist peasant (see page 91)
village commune
NEP
New Economic Policy (1921-9)
peasant land commune
Octobrists
liberal-conservative political party
measurement of weight, equivalent to 16.38 kg
SDs
Social Democrats: Marxist party (known in full as the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party); split into Menshevik and Bolshevik factions after 1903
communal or village assembly
Soviet farm
SRs
Socialist Revolutionaries: non-Marxist revolutionary party (PSR); split into Right and Left SRs during 1917
Stavka
army headquarters
uezd
district (sub-division of
measurement of distance, equivalent to 0.66 miles
Cossack self-governing community
freedom; autonomy
volost
rural township and basic administrative unit usually comprising several villages
zemstvo
elected assembly of local government dominated by the gentry at the provincial and district level (1864—1917); a volost-level zemstvo was finally established in 1917 but was soon supplanted by the Soviets.
Until February 1918 Russia adhered to the Julian (Old Style) calendar, which ran thirteen days behind the Gregorian (New Style) calendar in use in Western Europe. The Soviet government switched to the New Style calendar at midnight on 31 January 1918: the next day was declared 14 February. Dates relating to domestic events are given in the Old Style up until 31 January 1918; and in the New Style after that. Dates relating to international events (e.g. diplomatic negotiations and military battles in the First World War) are given in the New Style throughout the book.
NB The term 'the Ukraine' has been used throughout this book, rather than the currently correct but ahistorical 'Ukraine'.
[hand]
1 Russian Renault factory
2 New Lessner factory
3 Moscow Regiment
4 Erickson factory
5 First Machine-Gun Regiment
