Young Stalin

2. Keke. Moving house nine times: Ostrovsky, pp. 88–89. Violence: Kun, p. 12. Misery: Merzliakov in Molodaya Gvardiya no. 12, 1939, p. 37. Cossack’s whips: Stalin, Works, 1: 25–27. Josef Iremashvili, Stalin und die Tragodie Georgiens (henceforth Iremashvili), pp. 5–6, 9–12. Beso’s violence: N. Kipshidze. Keke’s violence: Hana Moshiashvili—quoted in Radzinsky, Stalin, p. 24. Svetlana on knife throwing, beatings by Keke quoted in Service, Stalin, p. 20. Beating: G.K. Zhukov, Vospominaniya i razmyshleniniya (henceforth Zhukov), 3:215. Chased with whip, strangling Keke, Stalin cut, treated like a dog, “Help! Come quickly!”: Davrichewy, pp. 30–35.

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3. Keke. R. G. Suny, “Beyond Psychohistory: The Young Stalin in Georgia.” Stalin teaches Charkviani children to read: Charkviani, “Memoirs.” Davrichewy, pp. 30–31. GF IML 8.2.1.10.23–47, Simon Gogchilidze. Lessons in secret, Beso drags by ears, my sister: GF IML 8.2.1.54.202–15, Kote Charkviani. Stalin speech, VVS RKKA and government on 22 March 1938: Ostrovsky, p. 55. Barberquack; too much reading; coat to hide Soso to school: GF IML 8.2.1.9, Anna Nikitin-Geladze.

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4. Keke. Davrichewy, pp. 26–31. Davrichewy, “Je suis le demifrere de Staline,” including Gori mayor Jourouli quotation.

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5. Zhukov, 3:215. Svetlana Alliluyeva tapes: Stalin on mother, “He loved her,” etc.—see Rosamund Richardson, The Long Shadow, p. 93. Svetlana Alliluyeva, Twenty Letters to a Friend, pp. 153–54, 204. Iremashvili, pp. 5–7. Beria, pp. 20–21. RGASPI 558.4.664, P. Kapanadze. Haughty, proud, Keke works for her family and Kulijanav sisters, Koba accuses Chernomazov; 1906 recruits Nato to newspaper: GF IML 8.2.1.15.266–72, Natalia Dondarov (Azarian). Keke.

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6. First day of school: GF IML 8.2.1.24, V. Ketskhoveli; GF IML 8.2.1.41, I. Razmadze; RGASPI 558.4.665, S. P. Gogchilidze. Chintz bag: Molodaya Gvardiya no. 12, 1939, pp. 35–37. Iremashvili, pp. 4–7. Keke.

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7. Keke. Versions of carriage accident: Ostrovsky, p. 89. Game of carriage chicken: Suliashvili, p. 9. Quack: Alliluyev Memoirs, p. 189. Stalin jumping: RGASPI 558.4.665, Peter Kapanadze. GF IML 8.2.1.10.23–47, Simon Gogchilidze. GF IML 8.2.1.9, Anna Nikitin-Geladze. Blue coat, red scarf, freckles: GF IML 8.2.1.9, Grisha Glurjidze.

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8. GF IML 8.2.1.54, Kote Charkviani. Keke.

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1. Stalin’s home: Iremashvili, pp. 8–10. Plank bed: GF IML 8.2.1.10.23–47, Simon Gogchilidze. GF IML 8.2.1.15.266–72, Natalia Dondarov (Azarian). Keke.

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2. Picturesque and savage: Imam Raguza, Stalin, p. 23. Ostrovsky, p. 90. Davrichewy, pp. 78–79.

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3. Street culture: Raguza, Stalin, p. 23. Suliashvili, pp. 42–46. Z. Gulisov, Materialy dela opisany mestnostey i plemen kavkazy, Tiflis 1886. Stalin’s participation, B. Ivanter and A. Khakhonov, quoted in Kaminsky-Vereshchagin, pp. 29–32, 48–50. Keenoba: GF IML 8.2.1.49.185– 210, Kote Khakhanashvili.

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4. How aristocrats lived: Simon Sidamon-Eristoff, For My Grandchildren, pp. 21–23. Prince Amilakhvari teaches Stalin swimming: Davrichewy, p. 70. Damage to aristocracy in Caucasus; 6 percent of population in Georgia as opposed to 1.4 percent in European Russia: Jones, pp. 1–29. Wrestling bouts, Stalin, Egnatashvilis: Charkviani, “Memoirs,” p. 3.

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5. Street fighter: GDMS 2.1955–148.1–11, Comrade Stalin in Gori Church School by Sandro Elisabedashvili (cousin of G. Elisabedashvili).