Code 2.0

Norms and the Emergence of Cooperation on the File-Swapping Networks,' 89 Virginia Law Review (2003), 505 (arguing that charismatic code creates an illusion of reciprocity that accounts for why people contribute to a filesharing network).

9.

Jay Kesan has offered a related, but more expansive analysis. See Jay P. Kesan and Rajiv C. Shah, 'Shaping Code,' Harvard Journal of Law and Technology 18 (2005): 319, 338.

10.

See Michelle Armond, 'Regulating Conduct on the Internet: State Internet Regulation and the Dormant Commerce Clause,' Berkeley Technology Law Journal 17 (2002): 379, 380.

11.

See, for example, the policy of the Minnesota attorney general on the jurisdiction of Minnesota over people transmitting gambling information into the state; available at http://web.archive.org/web/20000816215338/http://www.ag.state.mn.us/home/consumer/consumernews/OnlineS cams/memo.html (cached: http://www.webcitation.org/5IwtqoSHt).

12.

See, for example, Playboy Enterprises v. Chuckleberry Publishing, Inc., 939 FSupp 1032 (SDNY 1996); United States v. Thomas, 74 F3d 701 (6th Cir 1996); United States v. Miller, 166 F3d 1153 (11th Cir 1999); United States v. Lorge, 166 F3d 516 (2d Cir 1999); United States v. Whiting, 165 F3d 631 (8th Cir 1999); United States v. Hibbler, 159 F3d 233 (6th Cir 1998); United States v. Fellows, 157 F3d 1197 (9th Cir 1998); United States v. Simpson, 152 F3d 1241 (10th Cir 1998); United States v. Hall, 142 F3d 988 (7th Cir 1998); United States v. Hockings, 129 F3d 1069 (9th Cir 1997); United States v. Lacy, 119 F3d 742 (9th Cir 1997); United States v. Smith, 47 MJ 588 (CrimApp 1997); United States v. Ownby, 926 FSupp 558 (WDVa 1996).

13.

See Julian Dibbell, 'A Rape in Cyberspace,' Village Voice, December 23, 1993, 36.

14.

Norms are something different — more directly regulating user behavior. See Daniel Benoliel, Technological Standards, Inc.: Rethinking Cyberspace Regulative Epistemology , 92 California Law Review 1069, 1077 (2004).

15.

See, for example, 'AOL Still Suffering but Stock Price Rises,' Network Briefing, January 31, 1997; David S. Hilzenrath, '`Free' Enterprise, Online Style; AOL, CompuServe, and Prodigy Settle FTC Complaints,' Washington Post, May 2, 1997, G1; 'America Online Plans Better Information About Price Changes,' Wall Street Journal, May 29, 1998, B2; see also Swisher, Aol.com, 206–8.

16.

USENET postings can be anonymous; see Henry Spencer and David Lawrence, Man aging USENET (Sebastopol, Cal.: O'Reilly and Associates, 1998), 366–67.

17.

Web browsers make this information available, both in real time and archived in a cookie file; see http://www.cookiecentral.com/faq.htm (cached: http://www.webcitation.org/5Iwtsr5Vb). They also permit users to turn this tracking feature off.

18.

PGP is a program to encrypt messages that is offered both commercially and free.

19.

Encryption, for example, is illegal in some international contexts; see Baker and Hurst, The Limits of Trust, 130–36.

20.

Mitchell, City of Bits, 159.

21.

See Ethan Katsh, 'Software Worlds and the First Amendment,' 335, 340. 'If a compar ison to the physical world is necessary, one might say that the software designer is the architect, the builder, and the contractor, as well as the interior decorator.'

22.