Here, as I hope my abominable but at least accurately self-referential example makes clear, each line of Stanza 1 forms in turn an end-refrain to the next four stanzas. As in the standard rondeau, the opening hemistich is repeated to form a final coda or mini-envoi. Each stanza alternates in rhyme between abab and baba.
Wendy Cope included an excellent example in her collection Making Cocoa for Kingsley Amis and here is Dorothy Parker’s charming (and charmingly titled) example ‘Rondeau Redouble (and Scarcely Worth the Trouble at That)’ which has an excellent coda:THE SAME TO ME are somber days and gay.Though joyous dawns the rosy morn, and bright,Because my dearest love is gone awayWithin my heart is melancholy night.My heart beats low in loneliness, despiteThat riotous Summer holds the earth in sway.In cerements my spirit is bedight;The same to me are somber days and gay.Though breezes in the rippling grasses play,And waves dash high and far in glorious might,I thrill no longer to the sparkling day,Though joyous dawns the rosy morn, and bright.Ungraceful seems to me the swallow’s flight;As well might Heaven’s blue be sullen gray;My soul discerns no beauty in their sightBecause my dearest love is gone away.Let roses fling afar their crimson spray,And virgin daisies splash the fields with white,Let bloom the poppy hotly as it may,Within my heart is melancholy night.And this, oh love, my pitiable plightWhenever from my circling arms you stray;This little world of mine has lost its light…I hope to God, my dear, that you can say
The same to me.
So let us now meet some of the rondeau’s hopeful progeny.
RONDELThe RONDEL sends the senses reeling,And who are we to call it dead? Examples that I’ve seen and readHave given me the strongest feelingThat such a form is most appealingTo those whose Heart controls their Head.The rondel sends the senses reeling And who are we to call it dead?Its lines for ever roundly wheeling,Make manifest what can’t be said.From wall to wall and floor to ceilingThe rondel sends the senses reelingAnd who are we to call it dead?
The RONDEL’s first couplet, as you can see, is repeated as a final refrain. There appears to be no set length, but in the later thirteen-line or fourteen-line variants such as mine (known as RONDEL PRIME and now seemingly the standard strain in English verse) the rentrements are also repeated in the middle of the poem. Chaucer, Longfellow and others wrote poems they called rondels which appear to vary in all points except that crucial matter of the refrain. There again, Nicholas Grimald, the poet and scholar who just avoided burning under Mary Tudor and gave his name to Sirius Black’s family home in the Harry Potter books, wrote a ‘Rondel of Love’ in sixains only the first verse of which has a repeated line. Austin Dobson, who enjoyed experimenting with forms of this nature (indeed, he founded a school of poets in 1876 devoted to the rediscovery of the old French rondeau family), demonstrates what we might call the rondel’s ‘correct’ form, whose lineaments my effort also shares (the italics are mine to help point up the rentrements):Love comes back to his vacant dwelling,The old, old Love that we knew of yore!We see him stand by the open door,With his great eyes sad, and his bosom swelling.He makes as though in our arms repellingHe fain would lie as he lay beforeLove comes back to his vacant dwelling,The old, old Love that we knew of yore!Ah! who shall help us from over-spellingThat sweet, forgotten, forbidden lore? E’en as we doubt, in our hearts once more,With a rush of tears to our eyelids welling,Love comes back to his vacant dwelling,The old, old Love that we knew of yore!
It is a requirement of this ‘correct’ form (one that both Dobson and I met) that of the two rhymes, one should be masculine, the other feminine, contributing to the overall call-and-response character of the form.
ROUNDEL
Swinburne developed an English version of his own which he called the ROUNDEL, as you see it is closer to a rondeau than a rondel:A roundel is wrought as a ring or a starbright sphere, With craft of delight and with cunning of sound unsought,That the heart of the hearer may smile if to pleasure his ear A roundel is wrought.Its jewel of music is carven of all or of aught– Love, laughter, or mourning–remembrance of rapture or fear–That fancy may fashion to hang in the ear of thought.As a bird’s quick song runs round, and the hearts in us hear Pause answer to pause, and again the same strain caught,So moves the device whence, round as a pearl or tear, A roundel is wrought.
RONDELETI cannot singA RONDELET of love to theeI cannot singI try to let my voice take wing,It never seems to stay in keyAnd if you heard me, you’d agreeI cannot sing
Pretty clear, clear and pretty, the RONDELET goes AbAabbA as mine demonstrates. I don’t know of any spectacular examples (aside from my own) of the rondelet, pronounced as if it were a Welsh valley song (or indeed sexual experience) a Rhondda Lay. The good old English version of the word might promise a similar form, you would be entitled to think.
ROUNDELAY
Actually the ROUNDELAY is rather different:My hee-haw voice is like a brayNothing sounds so asinineLittle causes more dismayThan my dreadful donkey whine.Hear me sing a ROUNDELAYThere is no fouler voice than mine.Little causes more dismayThan my dreadful donkey whine.
Hear me sing a roundelayThere is no fouler voice than mine.Stop your singing right away,Else we’ll break your fucking spine.Hear me sing a roundelayThere is no fouler voice than mine.
As you see, pairs of lines repeat in order. Here is ‘A Roundelay’ by the late seventeenth-century poet Thomas Scott:Man, that is for woman madeAnd the woman made for man.As the spur is for the jade.As the scabbard for the bladeAs for liquor is the can,So man is for the woman madeAnd the woman made for man.
And so on for two more stanzas: for Scott and his contemporaries a roundelay seemed to be any poem with the same two-line refrain at the beginning and end of each stanza, but Samuel Beckett did write a poem called ‘roundelay’ with full and fascinating internal line repetition. Your task is to find a copy of it and discover its beauties and excellence. Award yourself twenty points if you can get your hands on it within a week.
TRIOLETThis TRIOLET of my designIs sent with all my heart to you,Devotion dwells in every line.This triolet of my designIs not so swooningly divineAs you, my darling Valentine.This triolet of my designI send with all my heart to you.
The TRIOLET is pronounced in one of three ways: to rhyme with ‘violet’, or the halfway house tree-o-lett, or tree-o-lay in the full French manner: simply
