Bad Science

290 ‘published a paper’: Ibid.

291 ‘not a single one’: Durant J, Lindsey N. GM foods and the media. Select Committee on Science and Technology, Third Report, Appendix 5 www.publications.parliament. uk/pa/ld199900/ldselect/ldsctech/ 38/3810. htm

295 ‘a systematic review’: Smeeth L, Cook C, Fombonne E, Heavey L, Rodrigues LC, Smith PG et al. MMR vaccination and pervasive developmental disorders: a case-control study. Lancet (2004); 364 (9438): 963–9

297 ‘This study was big’: Madsen KM, Hviid A, Vestergaard M, Schendel D, Wohlfahrt J, Thorsen P et al. A population-based study of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination and autism. N Eng J Med (2002); 347 (19): 1477–82

300 ‘Scientists in America’: http://www.telegraph.co. uk/news/ main. jhtml? xml=/news/2002/06/23/nmmr23.xml

302 ‘a very similar study’: Afzal MA, Ozoemena LC, O’Hare A et al. Absence of detectable measles virus genome sequence in blood of autistic children who have had their MMR vaccination during the routine childhood immunization schedule of UK. J Med Virology (2006); 78; 5: 623–30

303 ‘Another major paper’: D’Souza, Y, et al. No evidence of persisting measles virus in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from children with autism spectrum disorder. Pediatrics (4 October 2006); 118: 1664–75

306 ‘In some parts’: http://www. westminsterpct. nhs. uk/news/mmr0405. htm; Pearce et al. Factors associated with uptake of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (MMR) and use of single antigen vaccines in a contemporary UK cohort: prospective cohort study. BMJ (2008); 336 (7647): 754

307 ‘a systematic review’: Chapman S et al. Med J Aust. (5 September 2005); 183 (5): 247–50. Grilli R et al. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2001); 4: CD000389

307 ‘A mischievous paper’: Phillips DP et al. N Engl J Med (1991); 325: 1180– 3

308 ‘systematic quantitative surveys’: Schwitzer. G PLoS Med (2008); 5 (5): e95

308 ‘Meanwhile, the incidence’: HPA. Confirmed measles mumps and rubella cases in 2007: England and Wales. Health Protection Report (2008); cited 9 April 2008; 2 (8). http://www.hpa.org.uk/hpr/archives/2008/hpr0808.pdf

309 ‘Congenital rubella syndrome’: Fitzpatrick M. MMR: risk, choice, chance. Brit Med Bulletin (2004); 69: 143–53

312 ‘epidemic in 2005’: Gupta RK, Best J, MacMahon E. Mumps and the UK epidemic. BMJ (14 May 2005); 330: 1132–5 And Another Thing

319 ‘The true cost’: http://www.economist.com/research/Economics/alphabetic. cfm?letter=O

About The Author

BEN GOLDACRE is a writer, broadcaster and doctor best known for the ‘Bad Science’ column in the Guardian. Trained in Oxford and London, with brief forays into academia, he is thirty-four and works full-time for the NHS.

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