Matt Ridley

3. Weismann 1889:

4. A few scientists argue that Chinese people are indeed descended from 'Peking man,' the local version of Homo crectus, but the evidence is now heavily against them:

5. Karl Marx, in Criticism of the Gotha Program (1875), was paraphrasing Michael Bakunin, who declared, when on trial after the failure of an anarchist rising at Lyons (1870): 'From each according to his faculties, to each according to his needs:'

6. Not all anthropologists would agree that all modern people are descendants of a race that was confined to Africa until 100,000 years ago, but most do: 7. Tooby and Cosmides 1990:

8. Mayr 1983; Dawkins 1986:

9. Hunter, Nur, and Werren 1993:

10. Dawkins 1991:

I I: Dawkins 1986:

12. Tiger 1991:

13. See Edward Tenner ' s article ' Revenge Theory ' in Harvard Maga&ine, March—April 1991, for why this is so:

14. Wilson 1975:

Chapter 2. The Enigma

1. Bell 1982:

2. Weismann 1889:

3. Brooks 1988:

::: 3 52 :::

NOTES

4. J: Maynard Smith, interview:

5. Levin 1988:

6. Weismann 1889:

7. Bell 1982:

8. Fisher 1930:

9. Muller 1932.

10. Crow and Kimura 1965:

I I: Wynne Edwards 1962:

12: Darwin 1859:

13. Humphrey 1983:

14. Williams 1966:

15. Fisher 1930; Wright 1931; Haldane 1932: 16. Huxley 1942:

17. Hamilton 1964; Trivers 1971:

18. Ghiselin 1974, 1988:

19. Maynard Smith 1971:

20. Stebbins 1950; Maynard Smith 1978:

21. Jaenike 1978:

22. Gould and Lewontin 1979:

23. Williams 1975; Maynard Smith 1978:

24. Maynard Smith 1971:

25. Ghiselin 1988:

26. Bernstein, Hopf, and Michod 1988:

27. Bernstein 1983; Bernstein, Byerly, Hopf, and Michod 1985: 28. Maynard Smith 1988:

29. Tiersch, Beck, and Douglas 1991:

30. Bull and Charnov 1985; Bierzychudek 19876; Kondrashov and Crow 1991; Perrod, Richerd, and Valero 1991.

31. Bernstein, Hopf, and Michod 1988:

32. Kondrashov 1988:

33. Flegg, Spencer, and Wood 1985:

34. Stearns 1978; Michod and Levin 1988:

35. Kirkpatrick and Jenkins 1989; Wiener, Feldman, and Otto 1992: 36. Muller 1964: