37. Bell 1988:
38. Muller's ratchet has recently been found at work in viruses; see Chao 1992; Chao, Tran, and Matthews 1992:
39. Crow 1988:
40. Kondrashov 1982:
41. M: Meselson, interview:
42. Kondrashov 1988:
NOTES
43. Hamilton 1990:
44. C: Lively, interview:
I: Hurst, Hamilton, and Ladle 1992:
2. M: Meselson, interview:
3. Maynard Smith 1986:
4. Williams 1966, Williams 1975:
5. Maynard Smith 1971:
6. Williams and Mitton 1973:
7. Williams 1975:
8. Bell 1982:
9. Bell 1982:
10. Ghiselin 1974:
II: Darwin 1859:
12: Bell 1982:
I 3: Schmitt and Antonovics 1986; Ladle 1992: 14. Williams 1966:
15. Bierzychudek 1987:
16. Harvey 1978:
17. Burt and Bell 1987:
18. Eldredge and Gould 1972:
19. Williams 1975:
20. Carroll 1871:
21: Van Valen 1973; L: Van Valen, interview.
22. Zinsser 1934; McNeill 1976:
23. Washington
25. Dawkins 1990:
26. Assuming thirty minutes per bacterial generation, there are 1,226,400 bacterial generations in a human lifetime of seventy years: In the 7 million years since we shared an ancestor with chimpanzees, there have been just over 200,000
'human' generations of thirty years each: 2,7. O'Connell 1989:
28. Dawkins and Krebs 1979:
29. Schall 1990; May and Anderson 1990:
30. Levy 1992.
31. Ray 1992:
32. Ray 1992; T: Ray, interview:
::: 3 54
NOTES
3 3: L: Hurst, interview.
34. Burt and Bell 1987:
35. Bell and Burt 1990:
36. Kelley 1985; Schmitt and Antonovics 1986; Bierzychudek 1987a: 37. Haldane 1949; Hamilton 1990:
38. Hamilton, Axelrod, and Tanese 1990; W: D: Hamilton, interview: 39. Haldane 1949; Clarke 1979:
40. Clay 1991:
41. Bremermann 1987:
