Matt Ridley

8. Clutton-Brock and Vincent 1991; Gwynne 1991: 9. For a clear summary of the argument that paternal care leads to the female initiative in courtship, and the evidence for it, see my namesake ' s paper: Ridley (Mark) 1978:

10. Symons 1979; D: Symons, interview:

I 1. Symons 1979:

12. Symons 1979:

13. Tripp 1975; Symons 1979:

14. Maynard Smith and Price 1973:

15. Trivers 1971; Maynard Smith 1977; Emlen and Oring 1977: 16. Pleszczynska and Hansell 1980; Garson, Pleszczynska and Holm 1981: 1nci-dentally, polygamy can mean having many mates of either sex; polygyny means specifically males having many female mates: Although polygyny is more precise, I have stuck with the more familiar words throughout this book: polygamy for males, polyandry for females:

17. L: Betzig, interview:

18. Borgehoff Mulder 1988, 1992; M: Borgehoff Mulder, interview: 19. ' Polygamists emerge from secrecy seeking not just peace but respect ' by Dirk Johnson: New York Times, 9 April 1991, page A22: 20. Green 1993:

21. Symons 1979 put it this way: 'Heterosexual relations are structured to a substantial degree by the nature and interests of the human female:'

22. Crook and Gartlan 1966; Jarman 1974; Clutton-Brock and Harvey 1977: 23. Avery and Ridley 1988; Vos 1979:

24. Smith 1984:

25. Foley and Lee 1989:

26. Foley 1987; Foley and Lee 1989; Leakey and Lewin 1992; Kingdon 1993: 27. Symons 1987; K: Hill, interview:

28. Alexander 1988; R: D: Alexander, interview: 29. Kaplan and Hill 1985b; Hewlett 1988:

30. Kaplan and Hill 1985a; Hill and Kaplan 1988; Hawkes 1992; Cosmides and Tooby 1992; K: Hawkes, interview:

31. Cashdan 1980; Cosmides and Tooby 1992:

32. N: Chagnon, interview; Cronk 1991:

33. Rosenberg and Birdzell 1986:

34. Goodall 1990:

NOTES

::: 361 :::

35. Daly and Wilson 1983:

36. ' Dolphin Courtship: Brutal, Cunning and Complex ' by N: Angier, New York

Times, 18 February 1992, p: CI: 37. Dickemann 1979:

38. Hartung 1982:

39. L: Betzig, interview:

40. Betzig 1986:

41: Betzig 1986:

42. Finley, quoted in Betzig 19926; the Gibbon quote is from The Decline and Fall

of the Roman Empire, volume I, chapter 7: 43. Betzig 1992c:

44. Betzig 1992a:

45. Scruton 1986:

46. Brown and Hotra 1988:

47. D: E: Brown, interview:

48. Goodall 1986: However, old females are killed by the victors: 49. N: Chagnon, interview:

50. Chagnon 1968; Chagnon 1988:

51. I' m indebted to Archie Fraser for pointing out this parallel: 52. Chagnon 1968:

53. Smith 1984:

54. D: E: Brown, interview:

Chapter 7. Monogamy and the Nature of Women 1: Moller 1987; Birkhead and Moller 1992: 2. Murdock and White 1969; Fisher 1992 makes the interesting case that sexism, despotism, polygamy, and male ' ownership ' of wives were all invented along with the plow, which removed from women all their share in food winning; as women have come back into the work force in recent decades, so their say and status have improved: