3. Hrdy 1981; Hrdy 1986:
4. Bertram 1975; Hrdy 1979; Hausfater and Hrdy 1984: A remarkable experiment by Emlen, Demong, and Emlen 1989 greatly strengthened the contention that infanticide was an adaptive strategy. By removing territorial females, Emlen induced female jacanas—a role-reversed species—to kill the eggs of males with nests in their newly acquired territories: 5. Dunbar 1988:
6. Wrangham 1987; R: W: Wrangham, interview:
::: 362 :::
NOTES
7. Goodall 1986, 1990; Hiraiwa-Hasegawa 1988; Yamamura, Hasegawa, and 1to 1990:
8. Daly and Wilson 1988:
9. Martin and May 1981:
10. Hasegawa and Hiraiwa-Hasegawa 1990; Diamond 1991b: II: White 1992; Small 1992:
12. Short 1979:
13. Eberhard 1985; Hyde and Elgar 1992; Bellis, Baker, and Gage 1990; Baker and Bellis 1992:
14. Harcourt, Harvey, Larson, and Short 1981; Hyde and Elgar 1992: 15. Connor, Smolker, and Richards 1992:
16. Smith 1984: This explanation, that cool testicles are designed to increase the shelf life of stored sperm, fits the facts far better than the old notion that sperm must be manufactured in a cool organ or
18. Payne and Payne 1989:
19. Birkhead and Moller 1992:
20. Hamilton 19906:
21. Westneat, Sherman, and Morton 1990; Birkhead and Moller 1992.
22. Potts, Manning, and Wakeland 1991:
23. Burley 1981:
24. Moller 1987.
25. Baker and Bellis 1989, 1992:
26. Birkhead and Moller 1992:
27. Hill and Kaplan 1988; K: Hill, interview: 28. K: Hill, interview:
29. Wilson and Daly 1992; R: W: Wrangham, interview: 30. Cherfas and Gribbin 1984; Flinn 1988:
31. Morris 1967.
32. Birkhead and Moller 1992:
33. Alexander and Noonan 1979:
34. The first authors to see it this way were Cherfas and Gribbin 1984: 35. Hrdy 1979; Symons 1979; Benshoof and Thornhill 1979; Diamond 1991b; Fisher 1992; Sillen-Tullberg and Moller 1993: 36. Korpimaki 1991:
37. Alatalo, Lundberg, and Stahlbrandt 1982: Recent research suggests that the wife, at least, knows what is happening: See Veiga 1992; Slagsvold, Amundsen, Dale, and Lampe 1992:
38. Veiga 1992:
39. Moller and Birkhead 1989:
40. Darwin 1803:
NOTES
::: 363 :::
41. Wilson and Daly 1992:
42. Wilson and Daly 1992:
43. Thornhill and Thornhill 1983, 1989; Posner 1992: 44. Gaulin and Schlegel 1980; Wilson and Daly 1992; Regalski and Gaulin 1992: 45. A. Fraser, personal communication:
46. Malinowski 1927:
47. Wilson and Daly 1992,
48. French revolutionary law, quoted in translation by Wilson and Daly 1992: 49. Alexander 1974; Kurland 1979:
50. Betzig 1992a:
51. Voland 1988, 1992:
52. Boone 1988:
53. Darwin 1803:
54. Betzig 1992a:
55. Betzig 1992a:
56. Betzig 1992a:
