John Biggins
The Two-Headed Eagle
PLACE NAMES
Since border changes resulting from the two world wars have altered beyond recognition many of the place names used in this story, a glossary is attached giving those most commonly used in 1916 and their modern equivalents.
The names given here attempt to follow Austrian official usage of the period. However, most of the story takes place in the regions where the old Danubian Monarchy bordered Italy, and in no other part of the Austro- Hungarian Empire—except perhaps for Transylvania—was there such complete anarchy as regards local place names. Virtually every settlement above the size of a hamlet had three names—Italian, German and Slovene—and there seem to have been no hard-and-fast rules, even in official documents, about which one would be used; except that in 1916 German or Italian would still normally be preferred to Slovene when the speaker was an educated person. Thus the small town which is nowadays called Bovec was quite likely to have been referred to as Plezzo by an Italian—or as Flitsch by a German-speaker.
The use of place names in this story should therefore not be taken as implying endorsement of any territorial claims, past, present or future.
Adelsberg Postojna, Slo. R. Eisack R. Isarco, It.
Arbe I. Rab I., Cro. Feistritz Bistrica, Slo.
Asinello I. Ilovik I., Cro. Flitsch Bovec/Plezzo, Slo.
Bozen Bolzano, It. Gorz Gorizia/Gorica, It.
Brixen Bressanone, It. Klausenburg Cluj/Koloszvar, Ro
Bruneck Brunico, It. Laibach Ljubljana, Slo.
Caporetto Kobarid/Karfreit, Slo. Leitmeritz Litoměřice, Cz.
Castagnevizza Kostanjevica, Slo. Lundenberg Brěclav, Cz.
Cherso I. Kres I., Cro. Lunga I. Dugi Otok, Cro.
Dornberg Dornberk/Montespino, Slo. Lussin Grande Veli Losinj, Cro.
Eger Cheb, Cz. Lussin Piccolo Mali Losinj, Cro.
Marburg Maribor, Slo. Selbe I. Silba I., Cro.
Meleda I. Molat I., Cro. Selva di Ternova Trnovski Gozd/Ternauerwald, Slo.
Monte Nero Krn, Slo. Toblach Dobbiaco, It.
Monte Santo Skalnica, Slo. Tolmein Tolmin/Tolmino, Slo.
Monte Vecchio Sveta Gora, Slo. Trautenau Trutnov, Cz.
Neumarkt Egna, It. Trient Trento, It.
Oppachiasella Opatje Selo, Slo. Ulbo I. Olib I., Cro.
Pago I. Pag I., Cro. Veldes Bled, Slo.
Prerau Přerov, Cz. Wippach Vipava/Vippaco, Slo.
Ranziano Renče, Slo. Wocheinersee Bohinjsko Jezero, Slo.
Sansego I. Susak I., Cro. Zara Zadar, Cro.
Santa Croce Sveti Kriz/ Heiligenkreuz, Slo.
Abbreviations
The Austro-Hungarian Empire set up by the Compromise of 1867 was a union of two near-independent states in the person of their monarch, Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary. Thus, for the fifty-one years of its existence, almost every institution and many of the personnel of this composite state had their titles prefixed with initials indicating their status.
Shared Austro-Hungarian institutions were Imperial and Royal: “kaiserlich und koniglich” or “k.u.k.” for short. Those belonging to the Austrian part of the Monarchy (that is to say, everything that was not the Kingdom of Hungary) were designated Imperial-Royal—“kaiserlich- koniglich” or simply “k.k.”—in respect of the monarch’s status as Emperor of Austria and King of Bohemia; while purely Hungarian institutions were Royal Hungarian: “koniglich ungarisch” (“k.u.”) or “kiraly magyar” (“k.m.”).
THE ISONZO FRONT, JULY 1916
1 TAKE-OFF
Recorded at
SS of the Perpetual Veneration
Old People’s Home
Plas Gaerllwydd
Llangwynydd
West Glamorgan
Strange, I always think , how the pettiest and least significant things—some banal tune playing on the wireless, the smell of the floor polish they once used at your old school—can set off a train of recollections; even when one has not thought about the matters in question for decades past, and even in someone like myself, who has never been one of nature’s chroniclers or—at least until lately—much addicted to reverie, never even kept a diary except when required to do so by service regulations.
It was the television that set it off, yesterday evening in the residents’ lounge: that draughty, high-ceilinged hall converted (I would imagine) from the one-time drawing-room of this dilapidated Victorian mansion, built out here on the tip of peninsula so as to be as far as possible upwind of the Swansea copper-smelting works which provided the money for its construction. I was sitting near the back of the room, in the armchair where Sister Elzbieta parks me each afternoon and which I occupy by virtue of my position as the Home’s eldest resident: a hundred and one next April if I last that long. I was sitting there with a blanket over my knees, trying to read a little, in so far as cataract allows me, and to absorb some of the feeble warmth radiated by the Plas Gaerllwydd’s
