110
Pennington 1990, pp. 31, 38—42.
111
Pennington 1990, pp. 54-5.
112
Banner 1998, pp. 161-3, 170-1, 174-5, 281.
113
Geisst 1997, pp. 169,228; Atack and Passell1994; Garraty and Carnes 2000, p.750.
114
Di John and Putzel 200; Toye 2000 provides a very illuminating up-to-date survey of fiscal issues in developing countries.
115
See Kindleberger 1984, pp. 161-2 (Britain), pp. 168-70 (France); ‘T Hart 1997, 29, and Kindleberger 1996, p. 100 (the Netherlands).
116
Cited in Cochran and Miller 1942, p. 48.
117
di John and Putzel, 2000.
118
Booney 1995, pp. 443-5; Deane, 1979, pp. 228-9 (Britain); M0rch 1982, pp. 160-1 (Denmark); Garraty and Carnes 2000, pp. 408,468; Carlson 1991, p. 540 (USA).
119
Cited in Bonney 1995, p. 434.
120
Hobsbawm 1999, p. 213.
121
M0rch 1982, pp. 160-1 (Denmark); Baack and Ray 1985; Carson 1991, p. 540 (USA); Baudhuin 1946, pp. 113-16 (Belgium); Meta and Valerio 1994, pp. 186-92 (Portugal); Larsson 1993, pp. 79-80 (Sweden); Carr 1980, p. 101 (Spain).
122
See Chang and Rowthorn 1995, chapter 2; Rodrik 1999 takes a similar view.
123
Pierson 1998, pp. 106-7.
124
Pierson 1998, p. 105, table 4.2.
125
Blackbourn 1997, pp. 346-7; see Balabkins 1988 for details on the German Historical School.
126
Basu 1999a is a comprehensive and sophisticated review of the debate. Basu 1999b is a more user- friendly version. Engerman 2001 provides a comprehensive review of the history of this issue.
127
Hammond and Hammond 1995, p. 169 (Britain); Lee 1978, p. 466 (Germany); Montgomery 1939, pp. 219 -22 (Sweden).
128
Garraty and Carnes 2000, p. 227, n. 1.
129
Garraty and Carnes 2000, pp. 229, 600.
130
Blaug 1958; Marx 1976, p. 390; Hammond and Hammond 1995, pp. 153—4.
131
The following details are from Marx 1976, pp. 390-5 unless otherwise specified; see also Mathias 1969, pp. 203-4, for further details.
132
Hobsbawm 1999, pp. 103, 634-5, 636, n. 47.
