The history of Rome. Book IV

cherished also against his brother' (Eumenes II).

32. In the same testament the king gave to his city Pergamus 'freedom', that is the demokratia, urban self-government. According to the tenor of a remarkable document that has recently been found there (Staatsrecht, iii(3). p. 726) after the testament was opened, but before its confirmation by the Romans, the Demos thus constituted resolved to confer urban burgess-rights on the classes of the population hitherto excluded from them, especially on the paroeci entered in the census and on the soldiers dwelling in town and country, including the Macedonians, in order thus to bring about a good understanding among the whole population. Evidently the burgesses, in confronting the Romans with this comprehensive reconciliation as an accomplished fact, desired, before the Roman rule was properly introduced, to prepare themselves against it and to take away from the foreign rulers the possibility of using the differences of rights within the population for breaking up its municipal freedom.

33. These strange 'Heliopolites' may, according to the probable opinion which a friend has expressed to me, be accounted for by supposing that the liberated slaves constituted themselves citizens of a town Heliopolis - not otherwise mentioned or perhaps having an existence merely in imagination for the moment - which derived its name from the God of the Sun so highly honoured in Syria.

34. III. IX. Extension of the Kingdom of Pergamus.

35. III. IX. Extension of the Kingdom of Pergamus.

36. III. IX. Extension of the Kingdom of Pergamus.

37. III. X. Intervention in the Syro-Egyptian War.

38. III. IX. Armenia.

39. From him proceed the coins with the inscription 'Shekel Israel', and the date of the 'holy Jerusalem', or the 'deliverance of Sion'. The similar coins with the name of Simon, the prince (Nessi) of Israel, belong not to him, but to Bar-Cochba the leader of the insurgents in the time of Hadrian.

40. III. III. Illyrian Piracy.

41. IV. I. New Organization of Spain.

42. III. X. Intervention in the Syro-Egyptian War.

Chapter II The Reform Movement and Tiberius Gracchus

1. In 537 the law restricting re-election to the consulship was suspended during the continuance of the war in Italy, that is, down to 551 (p. 14; Liv. xxvii. 6). But after the death of Marcellus in 546 re-elections to the consulship, if we do not include the abdicating consuls of 592, only occurred in the years 547, 554, 560, 579, 585, 586, 591, 596, 599, 602; consequently not oftener in those fifty-six years than, for instance, in the ten years 401-410. Only one of these, and that the very last, took place in violation of the ten years' interval (i. 402); and beyond doubt the singular election of Marcus Marcellus who was consul in 588 and 599 to a third consulship in 602, with the special circumstances of which we are not acquainted, gave occasion to the law prohibiting re-election to the consulship altogether (Liv. Ep. 56); especially as this proposal must have been introduced before 605, seeing that it was supported by Cato (p. 55, Jordan).

2. III. XI. The Nobility in Possession of the Equestrian Centuries.

3. III. XI. Festivals.

4. IV. I. General Results.

5. III. XII. Results.

6. I. XIII. Landed Proprietors.

7. It was asserted even then, that the human race in that quarter was pre-eminently fitted for slavery by its especial power of endurance. Plautus (Trin. 542) commends the Syrians: genus quod patientissitmum est hominum.

8. III. XII. Rural Slaves ff., III. XII. Culture of Oil and Wine, and Rearing of Cattle.

9. III. XII. Pastoral Husbandry.

10. III. I. The Carthaginian Dominion in Africa.

11. The hybrid Greek name for the workhouse (ergastulum, from ergaszomai, after the analogy of stabulum, operculum) is an indication that this mode of management came to the Romans from a