The history of Rome. Book IV

26. IV. III. Democratic Agitation under Carbo and Flaccus.

27. IV. II. Tribunate of Gracchus.

28. II. II. Legislation.

29. II. III. Political Abolition of the Patriciate.

Chapter IV The Rule of the Restoration

1. IV. III. Democratic Agitation under Carbo and Flaccus.

2. IV. II. Tribunate of Gracchus.

3. It is in great part still extant and known under the erroneous name, which has now been handed down for three hundred years, of the Thorian agrarian law.

4. II. VII. Attempts at Peace.

5. II. VII. Attempts at Peace.

6. This is apparent, as is well known, from the further course of events. In opposition to this view stress has been laid on the fact that in Valerius Maximus, vi. 9, 13, Quintus Caepio is called patron of the senate; but on the one hand this does not prove enough, and on the other hand what is there narrated does not at all suit the consul of 648, so that there must be an error either in the name or in the facts reported.

7. It is assumed in many quarters that the establishment of the province of Cilicia only took place after the Cilician expedition of Publius Servilius in 676 et seq., but erroneously; for as early as 662 we find Sulla (Appian, Mithr. 57; B. C. i. 77; Victor, 75), and in 674, 675, Gnaeus Dolabella (Cic. Verr. i. 1, 16, 44) as governors of Cilicia - which leaves no alternative but to place the establishment of the province in 652. This view is further supported by the fact that at this time the expeditions of the Romans against the corsairs - e. g. the Balearic, Ligurian, and Dalmatian expeditions - appear to have been regularly directed to the occupation of the points of the coast whence piracy issued; and this was natural, for, as the Romans had no standing fleet, the only means of effectually checking piracy was the occupation of the coasts. It is to be remembered, moreover, that the idea of a provincia did not absolutely involve possession of the country, but in itself implied no more than an independent military command; it is very possible, that the Romans in the first instance occupied nothing in this rugged country save stations for their vessels and troops. The plain of eastern Cilicia remained down to the war against Tigranes attached to the Syrian empire (Appian, Syr. 48); the districts to the north of the Taurus formerly reckoned as belonging to Cilicia - 'Cappadocian Cilicia, as it was called, and Cataonia - belonged to Cappadocia, the former from the time of the breaking up of the kingdom of Attalus (Justin, xxxvii. 1; see above, IV. I. War against Aristonicus), the latter probably even from the time of the peace with Antiochus.

8. IV. II. Insurrections of the Slaves.

9. III. VII. Numidians.

10. IV. I The Siege.

11. The following table exhibits the genealogy of the Numidian princes:

Massinissa 516-605 (238-149)
Micipsa d. 636 (118)			Gulussa d. bef. 636 (118)	Mastanabal d. bef. 636 (118)
Adherbal d. 642 (112)	Hiempsal I d. c. 637 (117)	Micipsa (Diod. p. 607)	Massiva d. 643 (111)	Gauda d.bef. 666 (88)	Jugurtha d. 650 (104)
				Hiempsal II	Oxyntas
				Juba I