George F. Kennan : an American life

30 GFK to Durbrow, January 21, 1946, GFK Papers, 140:4.

31 Berlin interview, p. 1; Patricia Davies interview, December 7, 1982, p. 5; Davies, Dragon by the Tail, pp. 389–90.

32 Durbrow interview, p. 2; Henderson interview, pp. 3–4; Mautner interview, p. 1; Crawford interview by Wright, pp. 4, 22.

33 Hessman interview, p. 3; Mautner interview, pp. 1–2.

34 Roberts interview, p. 5; Berlin interview, pp. 26, 29.

35 Crawford interview by Wright, September 29, 1970, pp. 2, 23; Berlin interview, pp. 1, 3.

36 John and Patricia Davies interview, December 7, 1982, pp. 5–6; Berlin interview, p. 8.

37 John and Patricia Davies interview, December 7, 1982, pp. 9–10.

38 Ibid., pp. 7–8.

39 GFK to Bullitt, January 22, 1946, Bullitt Papers, 32:3.

40 GFK to State Department, January 2, 1946, Harriman Papers, Box 185. Kennan’s explanation of the circumstances surrounding the “long telegram” is in his Memoirs, I, 293. I myself have perpetuated these errors in several books and in far too many classroom lectures. I am grateful to Nicholas Thompson for actually counting the number of words in the “long telegram.”

41 GFK to State Department, February 8, 1946, in FRUS: 1946, VI, 693. The text of Stalin’s speech was printed in Vital Speeches of the Day 12 (March 1, 1946), 300–304.

42 GFK to State Department, February 12, 1946, in FRUS: 1946, VI, 694–96; GFK, Memoirs, I, 292–93.

43 Durbrow interview, p. 3. I have discussed the shifting Washington mood in United States and the Origins of the Cold War, pp. 282–302.

44 Durbrow interview, pp. 3–4; Byrnes to GFK, February 13, 1946, DSR-DF 1945–49, 861.00/2–1245.

45 GFK, Memoirs, I, 293; Harriman interview, pp. 5–6; Harriman to JLG, September 23, 1982, JLG Papers; Hessman interview, p. 4; Mautner interview, p. 2.

46 Durbrow interview, pp. 4–5; Matthews to GFK, February 25, 1946, DSR-DF 1945–49, 861.00/2-2246; Byrnes to GFK, February 27, 1946, ibid.

47 Harriman interview, pp. 5–6; GFK, Memoirs, I, 294–95. See also Harriman to Forrestal, February 26, 1946, Harriman Papers, Box 186; Millis, Forrestal Diaries, pp. 135–36; and Hoopes and Brinkley, Driven Patriot, pp. 270–73.

48 GFK to State Department, February 22, 1946, DSR-DF 1945–49, 861.00/2-2246. The “long telegram” also appears in FRUS: 1946, VI, 696–709.

49 GFK, Memoirs, I, 294–95.

ELEVEN ? A GRAND STRATEGIC EDUCATION: 1946

1 Lilienthal Diary, March 6, 1946, in Lilienthal, Journals of Lilienthal, II, 26.

2 Miscamble, Kennan and the Making of American Foreign Policy, p. 27.

3 J. C. Donnelly minute, March 5, 1946, AN 587/1/45; British Foreign Office Records, FO 371/51606, National Archives, London.

4 Byrnes speech to the Overseas Press Club, February 28, 1946, Department of State Bulletin 14 (March 10, 1946), 355–58. See also, for the American policy shift as well as the background to Churchill’s speech, Harbutt, Iron Curtain, pp. 151–82.

5 H. Freeman Matthews to Robert Murphy, March 12, 1946, Murphy to Matthews, April 3, 1946, Robert Murphy Papers, Box 58 (courtesy of Christian Ostermann).

6 Donnelly minute, March 5, 1946.

7 “Looking Outward,” Time 47 (February 18, 1946), 29–30. The best account of the Bohlen-Robinson report is in Messer, “Paths Not Taken.” The first section of the report, completed in December 1945, is Diplomatic History 1 (Fall 1977), pp. 389–99, and the final draft version is in DSR-DF 1945–49, 711.61/21446, Box 3428. See also Ruddy, Cautious Diplomat, pp. 57– 59.

8 Bohlen memorandum, March 13, 1946, Bohlen Papers, Box 4, “Memos (CEB) 1946” folder, National Archives.

9 Matthews to Murphy, March 12, 1946, Murphy Papers, Box 58; Norweb to GFK, March 25, 1946, GFK Papers, 140:4.

10 Roberts interview, March 15, 1993, pp. 4, 10–12. See also Roberts, Dealing with Dictators, pp. 107–9. The Roberts dispatches are published in Jensen, Origins of the Cold War, pp. 33–67.

11 GFK, “Commentary [on the Novikov Dispatch],” 540–41; GFK interview, December 13, 1995, p. 12; Kondrashov interview by Pechatnov, May 29, 1999. The Novikov dispatch is in Jensen, Origins of the Cold War, pp. 3–16. For a confirmation of Kennan’s guess about Soviet intelligence, see Pechatnov and Edmondson, “Russian Perspective,” in Levering et al., Debating the Origins of the Cold War, p. 116.

12 GFK to Bruce Hopper, April 17, 1946, GFK Papers, 140:4.

13 Ibid., GFK to Durbrow, March 7, 1946, Byrnes to GFK, March 11, 1946, Smith to GFK, March 12, 1946, DSR-DF 1945–49, Box 786, “123 Kennan” folder.