as:

$ nslookup

hostname

nslookup queries the name server specified in resolv.conf for hostname. (If this file names more than one server, nslookup chooses one at random.)

The interactive mode, however, is much more exciting. Besides looking up individual hosts, you may query for any type of DNS record and transfer the entire zone information for a domain.

When invoked without an argument, nslookup displays the name server it uses and enters interactive mode. At the › prompt, you may type any domain name you want to query. By default, it asks for class A records, those containing the IP address relating to the domain name.

You can look for record types by issuing:

set type=type

in which type is one of the resource record names described earlier, or ANY.

You might have the following nslookup session:

$ nslookup

Default Server: tao.linux.org.au

Address: 203.41.101.121

metalab.unc.edu

Server: tao.linux.org.au

Address: 203.41.101.121

Name: metalab.unc.edu Address: 152.2.254.81

The output first displays the DNS server being queried, and then the result of the query.

If you try to query for a name that has no IP address associated with it, but other records were found in the DNS database, nslookup returns with an error message saying ' No type A records found.' However, you can make it query for records other than type A by issuing the set type command. To get the SOA record of unc.edu, you would issue:

unc.edu

Server: tao.linux.org.au

Address: 203.41.101.121

*** No address (A) records available for unc.edu

set type=SOA

unc.edu

Server: tao.linux.org.au

Address: 203.41.101.121

unc.edu

 origin = ns.unc.edu

 mail addr = host-reg.ns.unc.edu

 serial = 1998111011

 refresh = 14400 (4H)

 retry = 3600 (1H)

 expire = 1209600 (2W)

 minimum ttl = 86400 (1D)

unc.edu name server = ns2.unc.edu

unc.edu name server = ncnoc.ncren.net

unc.edu name server = ns.unc.edu

ns2.unc.edu internet address = 152.2.253.100

ncnoc.ncren.net internet address = 192.101.21.1

ncnoc.ncren.net internet address = 128.109.193.1

ns.unc.edu internet address = 152.2.21.1

In a similar fashion, you can query for MX records:

set type=MX

unc.edu

Server: tao.linux.org.au

Address: 203.41.101.121

unc.edu preference = 0, mail exchanger = conga.oit.unc.edu

unc.edu preference = 10, mail exchanger = imsety.oit.unc.edu

unc.edu name server = ns.unc.edu

unc.edu name server = ns2.unc.edu

unc.edu name server = ncnoc.ncren.net

conga.oit.unc.edu internet address = 152.2.22.21

imsety.oit.unc.edu internet address = 152.2.21.99

ns.unc.edu internet address = 152.2.21.1

ns2.unc.edu internet address = 152.2.253.100

ncnoc.ncren.net internet address = 192.101.21.1

ncnoc.ncren.net internet address = 128.109.193.1

Using a type of ANY returns all resource records associated with a given name.

A practical application of nslookup, besides debugging, is to obtain the current list of root name servers. You can obtain this list by querying for all NS records associated with the root domain:

set type=NS

.

Server: tao.linux.org.au

Address: 203.41.101.121

Non-authoritative answer:

 (root) name server = A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET

 (root) name server = H.ROOT-SERVERS.NET

 (root) name server = B.ROOT-SERVERS.NET

 (root) name server = C.ROOT-SERVERS.NET

 (root) name server = D.ROOT-SERVERS.NET

 (root) name server = E.ROOT-SERVERS.NET

 (root) name server = I.ROOT-SERVERS.NET

 (root) name server = F.ROOT-SERVERS.NET

 (root) name server = G.ROOT-SERVERS.NET

 (root) name server = J.ROOT-SERVERS.NET

 (root) name server = K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET

 (root) name server = L.ROOT-SERVERS.NET

 (root) name server = M.ROOT-SERVERS.NET

Authoritative answers can be found from:

A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET internet address = 198.41.0.4

H.ROOT-SERVERS.NET internet address = 128.63.2.53

B.ROOT-SERVERS.NET internet address = 128.9.0.107

C.ROOT-SERVERS.NET internet address = 192.33.4.12

D.ROOT-SERVERS.NET internet address = 128.8.10.90

E.ROOT-SERVERS.NET internet address = 192.203.230.10

I.ROOT-SERVERS.NET internet address = 192.36.148.17

F.ROOT-SERVERS.NET internet address = 192.5.5.241

G.ROOT-SERVERS.NET internet address = 192.112.36.4

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