Useful Enemies

Seattle: Inkling Books, 2000.

Zarusky, Juergen. “That is Not the American Way of Fighting: The Shooting of Captured SS-Men During the Liberation of Dachau.” In Dachau and the Nazi Terror 1933–1945, vol. 2, edited by Wolfgang Benz and Barbara Distel. Dachau: Verlag Dachauer Hefte, 2002.

Notes

41 The Karbach story comes from Blum, 31–35.

42 Operation Clean Sweep comes from NYT: “U.S. Schedules an Inquiry Into Immigration Services,” Nov. 2, 1972; Martin Tolchin, “Inquiry Hints at Corruption Among Immigration Aides,” Nov. 20, 1972; Martin Tolchin, “Union Says Plea Went To Mitchell,” Nov. 29, 1972; Martin Waldron, “Wide Abuses Alleged in Texan Border Control,” Dec. 19, 1972; “U.S. Indicts Seven In Plot to Smuggle Arms to Mexico,” Dec. 23, 1972; Denny Walsh, “Justice Officials Find Corruption Rife among Immigration Aides in Southwest,” May 21, 1973; “Trouble on The Border Patrol,” May 27, 1973; “INS Seeks to End Patronage Ties,” May 30, 1973; Denny Walsh, “Immigration Inquiry Calls Justice Department Aide,” June 13, 1973.

42 The Dachau story and description come from DeVito in Blum, Perry, and Zarusky.

CHAPTER SIX

Sources

Blum, Wanted!

Breitman, Richard, Norman Goda, Timothy Naftali, and Robert Wolfe. U.S. Intelligence and the Nazis. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

Feigin, Judy. The Office of Special Investigations: Striving for Accountability in the Aftermath of the Holocaust. Edited by Mark M. Richard. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Criminal Division, 2006 (unpublished draft).

Maikovskis. NA, RG 263, CIA Name Files, first release, Box 33, and second release, Box 83.

Saidel, The Outraged Conscience.

Simpson, Blowback.

Soobzokov. NA, RG 263, CIA Name Files, Boxes 49, 123–24; and RG 65, FBI Name Files, Box 167.

U.S. Department of Justice Immigration Court, In the Matter of Boleslavs Maikovskis, A8 194 566. Dec. 14, 1981. Transcripts.

Notes

46 “I saw him lead”: In the Matter of Boleslavs Maikovskis.

47 Seigel story. See NYT, “Deportation Inquiry Reopened in L.I. Alien’s War-Crime Case,” Feb. 28, 1973.

47 Fifty-five chapters: FBI letterhead memo, NA, RG 263, April 19, 1966.

47 Maikovskis had the support of some segments of the Catholic Church. According to an FBI report, “his files included eighteen letters of recommendation, predominantly from Catholic clergy.” FBI letterhead memo, NA, RG 263, Box 33, April 19, 1966.

48 The Fier and Soobzokov story is based on: Blum; Feigin; NA, RG 263, CIA Name Files; and NYT: Donald Janson, “Passaic Officials Hail an Employee Accused of Concealing Ties to Nazis,” Dec. 8, 1979; Ralph Blumenthal, “Man Accused of Nazi Past Injured by Bomb in New Jersey,” Aug. 16, 1985; WP: Thomas O’Toole, “CIA 1952 Files Save Ex-Nazi in Deportation Case,” July 10, 1980.

49 Liked to show: “From Yusuf Yakar to FBI,” NA, RG 65, FBI Name Files, Jan. 1, 1987. The memo is based on the eyewitness testimony of Alem Guetlov.

49 It didn’t care if: “Assure NOSTRIL that we are not at all interested in any criminal, moral or other lapses in his past,” CIA Chief of Station, NA, RG 263, CIA Name Files, Nov. 6, 1952.

49 Soobzokov’s CIA job description: Ibid.

49 The CIA also dangled possible U.S. citizenship as bait to lure spies in Jordan: “An individual who successfully completes a mission into the USSR will stand a good chance of being brought to the US and obtain U.S. citizenship.” Ibid.

50 Trained at Fort Meade: This and following description of training and service are from “Summary of Service,” NA, RG 65, FBI Name Files, July 16, 1974.

50 “Discrepancies”: Ibid.

50 The FBI was pleased with Soobzokov’s work: “He furnished information of value… concerning numerous individuals of interest to the Bureau.” FBI memo prepared by SA John Joseph Reid, FBI, Oct. 20, 1958. Ibid. 50 Resignation of DeVito and Schiano: Ralph Blumenthal, “Ex-Chief Immigration Trial Attorney Quits Abruptly,” NYT, Dec. 8, 1973.

50 “Romantics”: Ibid.

50 Schiano and DeVito had a falling-out after Blum published the DeVito story in Wanted! Schiano accused DeVito of lying about the phone calls to his wife and being in it for himself. Saidel describes the tiff.

CHAPTER SEVEN

Sources

Holtzman, Elizabeth. Who Said It Would Be Easy? With Cynthia L. Cooper. New York: Arcade, 1996.

Holtzman. Author’s interview, April 12, 2010.

Rashke, Escape From Sobibor.

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Immigration, Citizenship and International Law. Immigration and Naturalization Service Oversight. 93rd Cong., 2nd sess., April 3 and June 25, 1974.

Notes

51 The description of Holtzman’s meeting with the whistle-blower comes from Holtzman, chap. 5.

51 “There is a matter”: Ibid., 90.

51 “If the man was right”: Ibid.

51 DeVito quit in June 1973.

52 Holtzman’s version of her encounter with General Chapman is slightly different in her autobiography.

52 Hearing quotes are from U.S. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary, 22–26.

54 “Face to face with evil”: Holtzman, 97.

54 “I can’t believe you”: Rashke, 128.

55 “Appalling laxness”: Ralph Blumenthal, “Rep. Holtzman Calls U.S. Lazy on Nazi Inquiries,” NYT, May 21, 1974.

CHAPTERS EIGHT AND NINE

Sources

Artukovic. NA, RG 263, CIA Name Files, Boxes 1, 2, and 4; RG 65, FBI Name Files, Boxes 5 and 74–76.