89 The two other camps were Ellrich and Harzungen.
89 The French and Belgians have established networks of Dora survivors.
91 “The majestic spectacle”: Speer, 368.
91 “Decide the war”: Ibid.
91 Worst of any SS camp: Michel, 64.
92 “At an infernal speed”: Ibid., 6. 92 “He died in agony”: Ibid., 105.
92 Sellier describes the lice epidemic and the SS concern about a typhus epidemic, 60.
92 “Over a thousand”: Michel, 68.
93 “I had to deal with”: Quoted by Sellier, 77–78. 93 “The conditions of these”: Speer, 370.
93 “They had to be forcibly”: Ibid., 371n.
93 For more details on the nationality breakdown at Dora, see Sellier, chap. 8, “Peoples of Dora.”
94 “Most distressing memories”: Words of survivor Jean-Pierre Couture, quoted by Sellier, 203.
93 Factory description by survivor Abraham Biderman: Biderman, 250ff.
94 They drowned in shit: Ibid., 223.
95 The SS hung fifty-eight: Ibid., 25.
95 The name of the island near Peenemunde was Greifswalder Oie.
95 “List of faulty rocket details”: Neufeld, 225.
95 “blizzard of changes”: Ibid.
95 Not five thousand at a crack: Speer, 369.
95 Estimates on how many died at Camp Dora and the other two camps vary. Beon placed the number at 20,000; Michel at 30,000. Sellier doesn’t venture an estimate.
96 The involvement of Dornberger, von Braun, and Rudolph comes from analyses by all the sources listed above. Some are based on survivor recollections, some on a short supply of documents.
96 The army swore him to silence: Nahas, 182n10.
97 With a yearly salary of:
97 For the Rudolph story see Feigin and
97 Dora war crimes trials: Bergen-Belsen, 1945; Dachau, 1947; Essen, 1967–70. The Soviets also held trials in their own zone.
CHAPTER THIRTEEN
Hunt,
Moreno,
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Administrative Law and Government Relations.
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Veterans’ Affairs.
100 Schnurman’s story is a summary of his 1994 congressional testimony at the hearing before the House Subcommittee on Administrative Law and Government Relations, Feb. 2, 1994.
100 “I was presumed dead”: Ibid.
101 “You wouldn’t know”: Ibid.
101 Two other young seamen who participated in the gas chamber experiments were Rudolph R. Mills and John T. Harrison. Like Schnurman, neither was warned about the danger of the experiments and both were threatened with prison terms if they revealed the experiments to anyone. Mills’s and Harrison’s sworn statements are recorded in the hearings before the Senate Committee on Veterans’ Affairs, May 6, 1994.
101 The mustard gas experiments on seamen like Schnurman, Mills, and Harrison received wide media coverage. In particular: Bruce Reid, “Veterans Fight Military over ’40s Chemical Tests,”
101 Experimented on nearly seven thousand:
101 Ten tons of the gases: Hunt, 161.
102 “Precise information on the number”:
102 “Experiments like these”:
102 Hunt, who investigated military experimentation on human subjects, names seven Paperclip scientists who worked at the Edgewood Arsenal: nuclear physicist Herman Donnert; poison gas specialist Friedrich Hoffmann; chemical researcher Theodor Wagner-Jauregg; chemical warfare specialist Albert Pfeiffer; high-frequency electronics specialist Kurt Rahr; toxicologist Hans Turnit; and textile chemist Eduard Wulkow. All but one were members of the Nazi Party or Nazi organizations or worked at Nazi institutions or for the Reich military establishment.
CHAPTERS FOURTEEN AND FIFTEEN
Gottlieb, “The Hunt for Ivan the Terrible.”
Hanusiak, Michael.
Holtzman,
