Useful Enemies

254 For more on Soodla see: NA, RG 263; Joachim Joeston, “Baltic Legions,” WP, May 27, 1943; “Six in the West Accused of Crimes by Soviet,” NYT, May 23, 1961; and Legge, who conducted exhaustive research on the Karl Linnas case. The CIA deemed a “suitable candidate” for espionage work: “From: Chief of Station…To: Chief Foreign Division W,” Dispatch No. WSSA-2397, March 5, 1951, NA, RG 263, Soodla, second release, Box 124.

254 Legge presents and documents the following breakdown of the 7,798 Estonians killed during the Nazi occupation: native Estonian (69.4 percent), Russian (15.2), Jewish (11.9), Romany (3.1), and other (0.4), 27.

256 “Live out his life peacefully”: Holtzman, 95. See also NYT: Ralph Blumenthal, “Delays Charged in Nazi Inquiry,” July 1, 1974; Kenneth B. Noble, “U.S. Deports Man Condemned to Die by Soviet Union,” April 21, 1987; CT: “Reagan fights Nazi-case Deportation,” March 18, 1987; Thom Shanker, “Linnas Dies in Soviet Union,” July 3, 1987.

257 The Barbie account is based on Ryan, chap. 9, and Feigin, “Klaus Barbie: The Butcher of Lyon.”

261 “How rare it is”: NYT editorial, Aug. 18, 1983.

PART THREE

CHAPTERS THIRTY-TWO AND THIRTY-THREE

Sources

These chapters are based on the Demjanjuk deportation trial transcript, John Demjanjuk aka Iwan Demjanjuk aka Ivan Demjanjuk, United States Department of Justice Immigration Court, A8 237417, October 26, 1983.

Arndt, “The Wrong Man.”

Birnbaum, Susan. “Letter From Demjanjuk Backer Supports Charges Against Him.” Jewish Telegraphic Agency, December 10, 1992.

Brentar, “My Campaign for Justice for John Demjanjuk.”

Davidson, “The Bush Family—Third Reich Connection: Fact or Fiction?”

“Demjanjuk Case Evokes Anti-Semitism.” American Israelite, January 9, 1986.

Medoff, Rafael. “Bush Puts Politics Above Concern for Holocaust Legacy.” Jewish Bulletin of Northern California, June 6, 2003.

Teicholz, The Trial of Ivan the Terrible.

“Teicholz Collection.” U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum archives.

Notes

265 Background information on Mark O’Connor and John Gill comes from Teicholz.

266 “It took me almost six months”: “Three Lawyers in Israel Entwined Over ‘Ivan the Terrible,’” CPD, May 18, 1987. Also: Teicholz interview with O’Connor, April 30, 1987, “Teicholz Collection.”

270 Bandera assassination is from “On the 50th Anniversary of Stepan Bandera’s Murder,” Ukrainian Weekly, Oct. 18, 2009. See also: NYT, Oct. 17 and 20, 1959.

276 “Key figure”: “Demjanjuk’s Defender JA Brentar Spends Thousands to Clear Him,” CPD, May 1, 1985.

276 Brentar’s search for evidence comes from Brentar, “My Campaign for Justice for John Demjanjuk.”

276 “Russek was as eager”: Ibid.

276 The trial testimony of Brentar and Reiss is quoted from the deportation hearing transcripts, op. cit.

277 Frank Walus’s reaction to his trial comes from Arndt.

CHAPTERS THIRTY-FOUR TO THIRTY-SEVEN

Sources

Boshyk, Yury. “Ukrainian DPs in Germany and Austria.” In The Refugee Experience: Ukrainian Displaced Persons After World War II. Edited by Wsevolod W. Isajiw, Yury Boshyk, and Roman Senkus. Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press, University of Alberta, 1992.

Elliott, Mark R. Pawns of Yalta. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1982.

——. “The Soviet Repatriation Campaign.” In The Refugee Experience: Ukrainian Displaced Persons After World War II.

Epstein, Julius. Operation Keelhaul. Old Greenwich Village, CT: Devin-Adair, 1973.

In the Matter of John Demjanjuk Respondent. United States Department of Justice, Executive Office for Immigration Review, Office of the Immigration Judge, Cleveland, Ohio, File A8 237 417, May 23, 1984.

Isajiw, Wsevolod, and Michael Palij. “Refugees and the DP Problem in Postwar Europe.” In The Refugee Experience: Ukrainian Displaced Persons After World War II.

Polskaya, Eugenia Borisovna. “Death on the Drava.” In Forced Repatriation: The Tragedy of the ‘Civilized’ World. Edited by Nicholas V. Feodoroff. Commack, NY: Nova Science, 1997.

Proudfoot, Malcolm. European Refugees.

Stauber, Roni, ed. Collaboration with the Nazis.

Stein, George. The Waffen SS.

Tolstoy, Nicolai. The Secret Betrayal 1944–1947. New York: Scribner’s, 1977.

Trachevsky, George. “For the Right to Live.” In Forced Repatriation.

Notes

282 In staggering round numbers: Elliott, Pawns of Yalta, 2.

283 Legal…because the l929 Geneva Convention: See Epstein, chap. 2, “International Law and Forced Repatriation.”

283 “In Hitler’s camps”: Quoted in Elliot, Pawns of Yalta, 192.

284 “Russians [are] a considerable charge”: Ibid., 43–44.

285 Red Army representatives”: Ibid., 2.

285 The Camp Rupert story comes from Epstein, 32–33, and Tolstoy, 88 and 192.

286 Soviet POWs were immediately imprisoned: Tolstoy, 88–89.

286 Twenty-five (sixty percent): Stein, Appendix II.

286 One hundred Osttruppen: Ibid., 17.

287 Roosevelt was both disinterested and uninformed: Elliott, Pawns of Yalta, 48.

288 As a crime against humanity: Argument of Epstein and Tolstoy.

289 The Fort Dix story comes from Elliott, Pawns of Yalta; Epstein; Tolstoy; and NYT: “Russians Captured With Nazis Riot at Fort Dix; 3 Commit Suicide,” June 30, 1945; “U.S. Halts Return of 150 to Russia,” July 1, 1945.

289 To a Soviet ship anchored at Seattle: Epstein, 103. His story is based on his interviews with former Soviet POWs.

291 “Three tombstones there”: Elliott, Pawns of Yalta, 90.