Useful Enemies

414 Wagenaar’s testimony is reinforced by his book, Identifying Ivan.

423 “Liars…You’re all liars”: Carol Rosenberg (UPI), “Lawyer Asks Acquittal for Accused Nazi,” WP, Feb. 19, 1988.

424 “All I know is that if”: Wolf Blitzer and Ernie Meyer, “Cleveland Ukrainians Criticize Court for Convicting Demjanjuk,” JP, April 20, 1988.

432 The courtroom erupted in joy: Ernie Meyer, “Death for ‘Ivan the Terrible,’” JP, April 26, 1988.

433 Reaction in Ohio: Dirk Johnson, “Anger in Ohio Over a Death Camp Conviction,” NYT, April 27, 1988.

PART FOUR: EPILOGUE

Sources

Aerodynamic. NA, RG 263, CIA Subject Files, second release, Box 7.

Armstrong, John Alexander. Ukrainian Nationalism. New York: Columbia University Press, 1963.

Army/CIC Nets in Eastern Europe. NA, RG 263, CIA Subject Files, first release, Box 26.

Breitman, Richard. Historical Analysis of 20 Name Files from CIA Records. Washington, DC: U.S. National Archives, April 2001.

Breitman, Richard, and Norman J.W. Goda. Hitler’s Shadow: Nazi War Criminals, U.S. Intelligence, and the Cold War. Washington, DC: U.S. National Archives, 2010.

Breitman et al., U.S. Intelligence and the Nazis.

Chirovsky, Ukraine and the Second World War.

Feigin, “Robert Verbelen—Another Barbie?” The Office of Special Investigations.

Gilbert, Atlas of the Holocaust.

Goda, Norman. “Nazi Collaborators in the United States: What did the FBI Know?” In Breitman et al., U.S. Intelligence and the Nazis.

Hoehne, Heinz, and Hermann Zolling. The General Was a Spy: The Truth about General Gehlen—20th Century Superspy. New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1972.

Lebed, Mykola. NA, RG 65, FBI Name Files, Boxes 128 and 129; and RG 263, CIA Name Files, Box 80.

Loftus, author’s interview.

Lowe. Savage Continent.

Magocsi, A History of Ukraine.

Naftali, Timothy. “Reinhard Gehlen and the United States.” In Breitman et al., U.S. Intelligence and the Nazis.

Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group: Final Report to the United States Congress, April 2007.

Outline Plan for Project NO. 2B-34, Code Name PBCRUET. NA, RG 263, Aerodynamic, CIA Subject Files, Vol. 1, Development and Plans, second release, Box 7, March 27, 1950.

QRPlumb. NA, RG 263, CIA Subject Files, second release, Boxes 58–59.

Ruffner, Eagle and Swastika, chapters 5 and 6.

Sher et al., Robert Jan Verbelen and the United States Government: A Report to the Assistant Attorney General, Criminal Division, U S. Department of Justice.

Simpson, Blowback.

Snyder, The Reconstruction of Nations.

Verbelen, Jan Robert. NA, RG 263, CIA Name Files, Box 132.

Yekelchyk, Serhy. Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.

Notes

435 Release of Soviet files: Charles Mohr, “Soviets Agree to Open Files on the Nazi Genocide to U.S. Scholars,” NYT, Aug. 25, 1988.

435 Conviction of Fedorenko: “Soviets Find Nazi Guard Guilty,” CT, June 20, 1986.

437 During the nine years he worked for the United States, Verbelen had five different CIC handlers and used as many as five aliases. It is beyond the scope of this book to give the details of each.

437 “Could not make public”: Sher et al., 5.

437 Resistance fighters murdered his family instead: CIC memo: “From Chief of Base, Pullach… To Chief, CLS… Operational Upswing, Robert Verbelen, aka, Alfred H. Schwab,” NA, RG 263, Verbelen, CIA Name Files, Box 132, Aug. 24, 1956.

438 “Handed over to Yugoslavian authorities”: Sher et al., 85.

439 “Nearly all the former CIC agents”: Ibid., 19. 439 “Succeeded in developing a large net”: Ibid., 32.

439 Would later brag that his net: Ralph Blumenthal, “Robert Jan Verbelen Dies at 79,” NYT, Jan. 8, 1991.

440 The material on Mount Vernon, Montgomery, and Los Angeles is from “Net Project Mount Vernon,” in Army/CIC Nets in Eastern Europe and from Breitman and Goda, Hitler’s Shadow, 60– 64.

440 For more on the Spinne, see Breitman and Goda, Hitler’s Shadow, 60–64. For more on Hoettl, see Goda, “The Nazi Peddler: Wilhem Hoettl and Allied Intelligence,” in Breitman et al., U.S. Intelligence and the Nazis, 265–78.

441 The CIC decided not to tell Belgium: Sher et al., 79. “The Army instructed that ‘the information pertaining to Verbelen’s past association with the USI [United States Intelligence] is not, repeat, is not for release to the public or Belgian Government because of potential embarrassment to the United States.”

441 “Without prejudice….suitable of intelligence re-employment”: Ibid., 81.

441 The Austrian police considered Verbelen their best informant. U.S. Embassy report, Vienna: “Vienna Police Support of the Belgian War Criminal, Verbelen,” NA, RG 263, Verbelen, CIA Name Files, Box 132, “Report n: EAV-8131,” April 20, 1962.

441 The murder of seven named Belgian Resistance fighters: The Vienna trial is covered by Sher et al., 77– 79; and “Ex-SS Colonel, a Belgian, Put on Trial in Seven Murders,” NYT, Nov. 30, 1965.

442 John Loftus stumbled across Lebed’s records: Author’s interview with Loftus.

442 Whom the CIA considered “dangerous”: Breitman and Goda, Hitler’s Shadow, 77.

443 “The mere mention of the name ‘Bandera’”: Ruffner, chap. 5, 17.

443 He personally supervised the torture: Simpson, 163.

443 “Rendered valuable services”: 1950 CIA summary of a report titled “The Ukrainian Nationalist Movement: An Interim Study,” October 1946, NA, RG 263, Lebed, CIA Name Files, Box 80, 1.

444 “Death to Jews and Communists”: Ibid., 164.

444 “Killed all the Jews they could find”: Breitman and Goda, Hitler’s Shadow, 75. For a detailed account of Polish and Ukrainian ethnic cleansing, see Snyder and Lowe, chap. 18, “Ethnic Cleansing.” Lowe provides the estimates of 90,000 Poles and 20,000 Ukrainians.

444 “Long Live greater Independent Ukraine”: Quoted by Goda in Breitman et al., U.S. Intelligence and the Nazis, 250.

444 “Cleanse the entire revolutionary territory”: Breitman and Goda, Hitler’s Shadow, 75.