Treaty of 1996 prohibits all nuclear explosions, including those conducted underground.
40. Rods from God: Eric Adams, “Rods from God,” Popular Science, June 1, 2004.
41. “that’s enough force”: Interview with Barnes.
42. “long-rod penetration”: Nelson, “Low-Yield Earth-Penetrating Nuclear Weapons,” 4.
43. April 1999 report: JSR-97-155, “Characterization of Underground Facilities.” JASON, MITRE Corporation, McLean, Virginia.
44. Los Alamos fired back: Interview with Stephen Younger.
45. operations at the Nevada Test Site: “NSTec Contracted to Operate NNSA Test Site,” United Press International, December 22, 2008. Interview with Stephen Younger.
46. In 2006, the Senate dropped the line item: CRS Report for Congress, “Bunker Busters”: Robust Nuclear Earth Penetrator Issues, FY2005-FY2007; Domenici: RNEP Funds Dropped from Appropriations Bill,” press release, Senator Pete Domenici, October 25, 2005, FY2006 hearings. From the transcript: Representative Terry Everett: “Could you please tell me directly if there’s a military need for this, for robust earth-nuclear earth penetrator?” Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld: “It is a question that’s difficult to answer, because sometimes they say ‘military requirement.’ And that’s a formal process. There was no military requirement for unmanned aerial
vehicles until they came along.”
47. proposed to revive the NERVA program: Michael R. Williams, “Ground Test Facility for Propulsion and Power Modes of Nuclear Engine Operation,” Savannah River National Laboratory, Department of Energy, WSRC- MS-2004-00842.
48. six hundred million pages of information: Pauline Jelinek, “U.S. Releases Nazi Papers,” Associated Press, November 2, 1999.
49. Many documents about Area 51 exist in that pile: Interviews with EG&G engineer.
50. the Roswell crash remains: which certainly explains why the CIA and the Air Force have not been able to locate Roswell crash remains in their archives.
51. the most powerful defense contractor in the nation: In 1999, EG&G was acquired by the Carlyle Group. In 2002 it was acquired by URS. In 2000, EG&G formed a joint venture with Raytheon to create JT3 (Joint Test, Tactics, and Training) LLC, which provides “engineering and technical support for the Nevada Test and Training Range, the Air Force Flight Test Center, the Utah Test and Training Range, and the Electronic Combat Range.” Interview with Meagan Stafford, EG&G/URS Public Relations, Sard Verbinnen & Co., July 16, 2010.
52. former dean of engineering at MIT: Vannevar Bush papers located at National Security Archives, Truman Library, the Roosevelt Library, and MIT Archives; Zachary, Endless Frontier, Library of Congress, “Vannevar Bush, a Collection of His Papers in the Library of Congress,” Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
53. kidnapped by Dr. Josef Mengele: Interview with Gerald Posner; Posner and Ware, Mengele: The Complete Story, 83.
54. performed unspeakable experimental surgical procedures: Spitz, Doctors From Hell: The Horrific Account of Nazi Experiments
on Humans. Spitz worked as a typist during the Nuremberg trials. Forgiving Dr. Mengele, a film by Bob Hercules and Cheri Pugh (2006); CANDLES Holocaust Museum, Biography of Eva Mozes Kor. The Japanese also performed grotesque experiments on humans during the war. “U.S. War Department, War Crimes Office, Judge Advocate General’s Office, #770475.” Japan’s version of Josef Mengele, General Ishii, was pardoned by the U.S. War Crimes Office on the grounds that information regarding the grotesque medical experiments he performed would somehow benefit the United States. Although it is science fiction, The Island of Dr. Moreau, written in 1896 by H. G. Wells, tells a twisted tale of human experimentation on a remote island.
55. children, dwarfs, and twins: Koren and Negev, In Our Hearts We Were Giants, 85-197.
56. Josef Mengele’s efforts to create a pure, Aryan race: Erik Kirschbaum, “Cloning Wakes German Memories of Nazi Master Race,” Reuters, February 27, 1997. America is not exempt from eugenic theology; see Edwin Black, “Eugenics and the Nazis: The California Connection,” San Francisco Chronicle, November 9, 2003.
57. painter named Dina Babbitt: Ibid., 103-31 and photographic inserts. Bruce Weber, “Dina Babbitt, Artist at Auschwitz, Is Dead at 86,” New York Times, August 1, 2009. Babbitt’s maiden name (used at Auschwitz) was Gottlieb.
58. Dr. Martina Puzyna: Koren and Negev, In Our Hearts We Were Giants, 109.
59. According to his only son, Rolf: Interview with Gerald Posner. Posner interviewed Rolf Mengele and was given access to 5,000 pages of Mengele’s written correspondence as well as his personal journals written after the war.
60. Mengele held up his side of the Faustian bargain: Interview with EG&G engineer.
61. Mengele never took up residence in the Soviet Union: Interview
with Posner.
62. Eileen Welsome wrote a newspaper story: Eileen Welsome, “The Plutonium Files: America’s Secret Medical Experiments in the Cold War,” Albuquerque Tribune, November 1993.
63. direct violation of the Nuremberg Code: Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. 10, Vol. 2, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1949. Nuremberg Code: (1). The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential. (2). The experiment should be such as to yield fruitful results for the good of society, unprocurable by other methods or means of study, and not random and unnecessary in nature. Full text available at
http://ohsr.od.nih.gov/guidelines/nuremberg.html.
64. President Clinton opened an investigation. The advisory committee was made of fourteen members who reported to the president through a cabinet-level group called the Human Radiation Interagency Working Group, and it included the secretaries of defense and energy (formerly the Atomic Energy Commission) as well as the attorney general and the director of the CIA. The committee was dissolved in October of 1995 after publishing its findings. Today, the Office of Health, Safety and Security (HSS), a Department of Energy office, maintains a Web site. Of its efforts, DOE says, “We have undertaken an intensive effort to identify and catalogue relevant historical documents from DOE’s 3.2 million cubic feet of records scattered across the country.” Given that there are approximately 2,000 pages of documents in a single cubic foot, it is telling that a record search for “EG&G” at the HSS/DOE database delivers a paltry 500 documents.
Epilogue
Interviews: Colonel Leghorn, Ed Lovick, EG&G engineer, David Myhra
1. Army Air Forces commemorative yearbook: This is the
government-issued “Official Report, Task Force 1.52” and is meant to look like a high school yearbook.
2. The U.S. government spent nearly two billion dollars: Atomic Audit, 102. “Operation Crossroads was an astonishing $1.3 billion [circa 1996 dollars], far more than any of the subsequent thermonuclear tests conducted during the 1950s.”
3. Truman’s closest advisers: “Potsdam and the Final Decision to Use the Bomb,” Department of Energy Archives
(http://www.cfo.doe.gov/): “During the second week of Allied deliberations at Potsdam, on the evening of July 24, 1945, Truman approached Stalin without an interpreter and, as casually as he could, told him that the United States had a ‘new weapon of unusual destructive force.’ Stalin showed little interest, replying only that he hoped the United States would make ‘good use of it against the Japanese.’ The reason for Stalin’s composure became clear later: Soviet intelligence had been receiving information about the atomic bomb program since fall 1941.”
4. Stalin’s black propaganda hoax: Interview with EG&G engineer.
5. “a warning shot across Truman’s bow”: Interview with EG&G engineer. The engineer says this information was relayed to him by his EG&G boss, who had been given the information by a government superior. One cannot rule out the possibility that the elite EG&G engineers were given false information as a means of coercing them into participating in a morally reprehensible program; in 1951, there was no greater enemy to the free world than Joseph Stalin. Until Russia opens its UFO archives, Stalin’s side of the story will remain unknown, but since the collapse of the Soviet Union, Stalin’s interest in UFOs has come to light. In Korolev, Professor James Harford discusses an incident where Stalin asked his chief rocket designer, Sergei Korolev, to study UFOs (See here, here). In 2002, Pravda.ru ran a story called “Stalin’s UFOs,” identifying the dictator’s Roswell/UFO
